Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community. Sergey Solovyov

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ Asia and Altai – the Afanasyev culture. Analyzes of the remains of other European cultures – Srubnaya, Sintashtinskaya, Potapovskaya and Andronovskaya, confirm that the plague bacillus has genetically related lines with the one that was found near the village of Mikhailovsky. These crops represent an example of the reverse migration that the farmers of these crops carried out from Europe, all the way to Central Asia. Yamnaya culture originates from the Khvalyn culture in the middle reaches of the Volga and from the Sredniy Stog culture in the middle reaches of the Dnieper, and it is also genetically called with the culture of funnel-shaped cups. The Yamnaya culture is replaced by the Poltava culture. In the west, the Yamnaya culture is replaced by the catacomb culture. In the east – the Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures. The Kemi-Obinsk culture of Crimea is a derivative of the Yamnaya culture.

      And in the Yamnaya culture, the rite of rendering harmless the dead can already be traced. Double pit burial Tamar-Utkul VIII. The upper skeleton is abundantly sprinkled with ocher, the lower one is dissected and placed in the legs. Speaking about the dismemberment of the dead among the Yamny tribes, we should also mention a somewhat similar custom of demembration. The rite of demembration, in its basic understanding, means the deliberate displacement of the bones of the human skeleton from their original position and placing them either in disorder or in an order directly opposite to the original position in which the deceased was at the time of burial. Not taking into account the cases when dismembered skeletons play an accompanying role with undisturbed skeletons, it can be reliably judged that demembration observed in the burials of the Yamnaya culture of the region is a sign of a certain social stratum of society in the Early Bronze Age.

      However, it is also important that to the east of the Dniester, pit burials with the use of reingumation are much less common than on the territory of the Prut-Dniester interfluve. This observation, to a certain extent, can serve as proof that demembration and the custom of laying the bones of the buried in a “package” is a narrowly local feature for the Yamna culture of the Dniester-Danube region.

      No traces of the archaeological influence of the Yamnaya culture in South Asia, including Tajikistan, have been found. Linguistic research also suggests that the languages of the Indo-Iranian group could have come to South Asia not 3000—2500 BC, but later – between 2300—1200. BC. These findings prompted a new search for a source for the languages that were spreading during that period. As a result, the study showed that there is no mass migration of nomads-steppe people to South Asia from the Yamnaya culture in the Early Bronze Age and the like; however, it is possible. there was a migration from steppe cultures in the late Bronze Age. Metal raw materials were mined in the Kargalinsky mining and metallurgical center.

      Catacomb culture

      The catacomb cultural and historical community is an ethnocultural association of the Middle Bronze Age (XXV – XX centuries BC), widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zone from the Urals and the North Caucasus to the lower Danube. It was originally identified as an archaeological culture in 1901—1903. V. A. Gorodtsov.

      Later, researchers identified local variants, which were identified as independent archaeological cultures. The concept of “catacomb cultural and historical community” was introduced into scientific circulation. Presented by the monuments of the following catacomb cultures:

      – Early Catacomb (XXV – XXIII centuries BC),

      – Donetsk (XXIII – XX centuries BC),

      – Middle Don (XXVIII – XXVII—XX centuries BC),

      – ingul (XXVIII – XX centuries BC).

      The pioneer of the catacomb culture was V.A. and a burial chamber (burial place). In accordance with the design features of the burial structure, the culture allocated by him was called the catacomb culture. Catacomb burials are known in the same region much later, both in the Sarmatian time, and in the burials of the Saltovsko-Maetskaya cultures. The very structure of the grave – consisting of a dromos and a burial chamber, often with a dome, has parallels in the famous tomb of King Hinze in Germany, and probably with the device of the famous domed tombs of Hellas. The southernmost monuments are known in the Crimean steppes, and the most northern ones are near Kursk and Yelets. Catacomb settlements are known on the Don (near Rostov), Kibikinskoye near Lugansk, Ternovskoye near Kamyshin on the Volga, etc. Later, researchers turned their attention to the heterogeneity of catacomb sites in various territories, which contributed to the identification of a number local options. With the accumulation of archaeological material, the prerequisites were created for understanding local variants as independent archaeological cultures of a single catacomb cultural-historical community, which was ultimately done in the early 1970s by researchers L. S. Klein and O. G. Shaposhnikova.

      The problem of the origin of the catacomb culture (later the catacomb cultural and historical community) was posed at the beginning of the 20th century by V.A.Gorodtsov, almost immediately after the discovery of burial burials in the catacombs on the Seversky Donets, but it still remains controversial. Researchers are discussing autochthonous and migration theories of the origin of the tribes of the catacomb community. The adherents of the autochthonous theory believe that the emergence of the catacomb community should be associated with the further development of the local Yamnaya population. Supporters of the migration theory express the idea that the catacomb tribes go back genetically to the Yamnoye, but arise under the strong migration influence of the populations of the Ciscaucasia. The type of economy of the carriers of the catacomb cultural and historical community was determined by the ecological conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. So, in the steppe, pastoral or distant pasture cattle breeding of the nomadic type, which was based on the breeding of cattle and small ruminants, took root. In the forest-steppe, the model of pastoral or stall cattle breeding is spreading with a predominance of cattle and pigs in the herd. The catacomb cultural and historical community is characterized by ancestral settlements and low (up to 1 m) burial mounds without cremation. Catacomb burial device, ritual ceramic censer, cord stamp ornament, flat-bottomed cups, twisted corpse position on the side. Wooden carts are found in the burials. Ceramic implements contain elements of the globular amphora and corded pottery cultures of Central and Eastern Europe.

      Temple lobed rings Blackened dishes with spiral patterns

      The pottery is also blackened, with a relief pattern, often spiral, which brings them closer to the Tripillian ones, but the people of the Catacomb culture did not apply the pattern to the dishes, but squeezed it out. This brings the ceramics of the Catacomb culture closer to that of the Middle Hellenic culture.

      Minian pottery of Crete.

      The pottery of the Catacombs differs from the primitive and uniformly shaped dishes of the ancient pit culture. Known flat-bottomed pots with convex sides and a narrowed neck, the surface of which is decorated with an ornament applied by prints of a twisted rope, comb teeth or just a sharp object. The motives of the ornament are triangles, zigzags, but circles and spirals are more common, reflecting the cosmic ideas of the ancient farmers about the solar deity and mysterious plant principles that turn grains into stems, which in turn give rise to many of the same grains.

      A metallurgical center was located on the territory of Donbass. This is also confirmed by the finds in the Donetsk catacomb burials of stone beaters, which were used for crushing ore before washing and smelting. In the inventory of the catacomb culture, there are bronze items: leaf-shaped СКАЧАТЬ