Russia the formation of the state in the 9th century Veneds and the severjans (northerners), part of the Huns, which became the basis of a new community. Sergey Solovyov

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СКАЧАТЬ 1976 a, p. 124; Cherednichenko, 1976, pp. 147 – 148; Smirnov, Kuzmina, 1977, p. 42 – 45,) The very fact of the use of disc-shaped cheekpieces in the harness of chariots found indisputable confirmation during the excavations of the Sintashta burial ground in the Trans-Urals, in whose burials it was possible to trace the very remains of this kind of chariots (Gening, 1977: 59, 66).

      This population was the first on a fairly large scale to begin the development of the Ural copper deposits, especially the Trans-Ural copper deposits Tash-Kazgan and Nikolskoye using cuprous sandstones of the Urals, as well as the Volga region (Salnikov, 1962; Chernykh, 1964; 1970, pp. 27—28, 108—111, etc.). Abashevsk craftsmen developed their own form of tools, weapons and jewelry. The Abashevites know lamellar tools (knives, sickles, scrapers), which had different functional purposes, and their own types of shaft-hole axes: Kamsky, according to B.G. Tikhonov (Tikhonov, 1960, pp. 59—62), narrow-hole axes, according to E.N. Chernykh (Chernykh, 1970, p. 58, fig. 50), Abashevsky, according to S. A. Korenevsky (Korenevsky, 1973, pp. 44—47, fig. 4), flat axes-adzes, according to B. G. Tikhonov (Tikhonov, 1960, p. 66), the type of elongated adze axes with an extended heel, according to E.N. Chernykh (Chernykh, 1970, p. 62), forged spearheads with an open sleeve, several varieties of knives and daggers, etc. Abashevo craftsmen made petal-shaped rosette plaques, bracelets with open, often pointed ends, small grooved pendants, etc. Abashevo people are characterized by rich decoration of clothing, especially headdress, with small sewn semicircular plaques, wire beads and other decorations.

      The very scale of development of Abashevsk metallurgy is also determined by the finds of a series of Abashevsky metal, considered in the literature under the concept of “treasure”, which geographically gravitate towards deposits in the Urals and in the Trans-Urals (Krasnoyarsk, Verkhne-Kizylsky, near Dolgaya Gora, etc.). Their finds do not cross over to the right bank of the Volga. Moreover, some of the “treasures” are hardly left directly by the Abashevo population. Some of them (Galichsky, Korshunovsky, Morozovsky) may testify not so much to the direct settlement of the Abashevites in the forest regions of the Volga region, as to the spread of the Abashevsky metal to more northern territories. This population first erected large in area two-chamber or multi-chamber, with a gable roof, slightly deepened into the mainland dwellings, and then large in area, also slightly deepened into the mainland, but already single-chamber buildings with an adjoining vestibule part.

      The Abashevo population is characterized by a burial ritual under the kurgan with the construction of flattened embankments. The presence of an interval between the time of the burial and the erection of the embankment is noted. A feature of the burial rite of this population was the erection of circular (less often rectangular) extra-grave structures, limiting a significant area around one or several graves. The presence of independent rectangular pillar structures around individual burials is sometimes noted. The burial rite of the Abashev population is characterized by a cult of fire that manifests itself to varying degrees (burning of ground structures, pouring burning coal into the grave, etc.) and animal sacrifices (the position of parts or skins with head and legs). The grave pits are most often elongated rectangular, sometimes they have a wooden or stone design. The dead were laid on their backs with their legs extended or raised. The eastern and southeastern orientation of the dead is more common. The presence of dismembered, partial, i.e. repeated burials was noted. Finally, the complete absence of skeletons in a number of burial pits testifies to cenotaphs, which confirms the presence of some complex, so far incomprehensible burial traditions among the Abashevs, which also brings them closer to the Hellenic tradition. Single burials are common. But in the outlying areas, especially in the zones of contacts with foreign-cultural tribes, collective burials of the type of mass graves are not uncommon: the Pepkinsky and Staro-Ardatovsky kurgans in the Middle Volga region, the I Yukalekulevsky kurgan in Bashkiria. The most characteristic of the kurgans are stone extra-grave structures that are not characteristic of other Abashev cultures. Only here the stone was widely used in the design of grave pits. In a number of cases, powerful bonfires are noted that burned over the grave pits after the burial. More often than in other territories, the presence of partial and repeated burials is recorded. The dead were laid on their backs stretched out or with their legs raised. There is no stability in the orientation of the dead.

      Among the forms of ceramics, most of all bell-shaped bowls and fewer bell-shaped pots. The bell-shaped vessels here often have a significantly lower rim height. Images of a meander and a swastika appear on the vessels. The dishes are also blackened or dairy, traditional for Indo-Europeans.

      A vessel from the State Historical Museum, Abashevskaya culture. Meander.

      Temporal lobular rings

      Differences are manifested even in small sharp-ribbed vessels – the presence of a direct fall in the neck region from the inside is especially indicative. In the decoration of vessels, meander and lobed patterns are much more often noted, the tradition of decorating their lower part with a vertical herringbone, etc. In the Ural territory, bracelets rounded in cross section with open blunt ends, metal onlays, and plate plaques are widespread. The bracelets are spiral, and also from the time of the catacomb culture, temporal lobed rings have been used.

      Only here are multiturn small grooved pendants and metal beads known. The set of metal tools and weapons is significant. The outlined solution to the question of the origin and further fate of the Abashev population also determines the approach to clarifying the ethnos of this population. The denial of the genetic relationship with the Abashevs of the previous cultures of the forest Volga region, as well as the absence of direct inheritance of the Abashevo traits by the Finno-Ugric cultures of the early Iron Age of the Volga region, is a serious argument in favor of the denial of the Finno-Ugric ethnos of the Abashevites. At the same time, the definition of their ethnos as Indo-Iranian is becoming more and more obvious (for the first time such a point of view was expressed by A. Kh. Khalikov). This interpretation of the ethnos of the Abashevs receives additional argumentation in connection with new arguments in favor of the fact that the Abashevs, by their historical roots, development and further fate, are connected with the world of the massifs of the population of the ancient Pit, Timber and Alakul cultural and historical communities, which are now more and more definitely considered in direct connection with the problem of the early history of the Indo-Europeans, and then their group of Indo-Iranian offshoots.

      Andronovo culture

      Andronovo culture (cultural and historical community) is the general name for a group of closely related archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age, which covered in the 17th-9th centuries BC. e. Kazakhstan, Western Siberia, the western part of Central Asia, the Southern Urals, as well as Northwestern China, the Gansu province (article by A. Bekhter, S. Khavrin V. Steppe bronzes from the Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and east sync line). The people of this culture were called, already Huns or Hans, from a totem or farn, a sacred animal, a swan. This is where the name of Ganxi Province comes from. Here it is also necessary to remember the discovery of Tarim mummies belonging to the Andronovo culture, according to the ceramics monuments. A Swedish archaeologist excavated in 1939. there are almost a dozen mummies and about 200 artifacts. Bergman left a detailed description of his findings in a work entitled “Archaeological Researches in Sinkiang Especially the Lop-nor Region” (Archaeological Research in Xinjiang, especially in the Lop-nor Region). By the early 1990s, more than 1,000 Nordic mummies had been unearthed in China’s Wapu province, but in 1998, the Chinese government banned further excavations, apparently out of concern that even more startling evidence would come to light. the presence of Caucasians in ancient China. So researchers in 1980, deep under the “sea of death”, found the mummy of a beautiful girl, nicknamed the sleeping СКАЧАТЬ