The 2003 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ (Iran-Oman), and Strait of

       Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia).

      Geography Indian Ocean

      Location:

       body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and

       Australia

      Geographic coordinates:

       20 00 S, 80 00 E

      Map references:

       Political Map of the World

      Area:

       total: 68.556 million sq km

       note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,

       Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,

       Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of

       Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

      Area - comparative:

       about 5.5 times the size of the US

      Coastline:

       66,526 km

      Climate:

       northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to

       October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and

       October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February

       in the southern Indian Ocean

      Terrain:

       surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system

       of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of

       surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric

       pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in

       the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,

       while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter

       air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest

       winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean

       Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest

       Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Java Trench −7,258 m

       highest point: sea level 0 m

      Natural resources:

       oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,

       placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

      Natural hazards:

       occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

      Environment - current issues:

       endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and

       whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

      Geography - note:

       major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait

       of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait

      Economy Indian Ocean

      Economy - overview:

       The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle

       East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries

       a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products

       from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are

       of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for

       domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,

       South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for

       shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in

       the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western

       Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production

       comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and

       offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering

       countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,

       and Thailand.

      Transportation Indian Ocean

      Ports and harbors:

       Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South

       Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne

       (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)

      Transnational Issues Indian Ocean

      Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

      ======================================================================

      @Indonesia

      Introduction Indonesia

      Background:

       Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago; it achieved

       independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include:

       alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of

       the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected

       government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing

       charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police

       accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing

       separatist pressures in Aceh and Papua.

      Geography Indonesia

      Location:

       СКАЧАТЬ