The 1992 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      :Chile Communications

      Railroads:

       7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard

       gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter

       gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge

       Highways:

       79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and

       unimproved earth (1984)

       Inland waterways:

       725 km

       Pipelines:

       crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

       Ports:

       Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio,

       Talcahuano, Arica

       Merchant marine:

       33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11

       cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1

       chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in

       addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used

       commercially

       Civil air:

       29 major transport aircraft

       Airports:

       390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways

       over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

       Telecommunications:

       modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities;

       768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11

       shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3

       domestic

      :Chile Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and

       Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police),

       Investigative Police

       Manpower availability:

       males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach

       military age (19) annually

       Defense expenditures:

       exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)

      :China Geography

      Total area:

       9,596,960 km2

       Land area:

       9,326,410 km2

       Comparative area:

       slightly larger than the US

       Land boundaries:

       22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30

       km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan

       858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km,

       Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km,

       Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

       Coastline:

       14,500 km

       Maritime claims:

       Continental shelf:

       claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea

       Territorial sea:

       12 nm

       Disputes:

       boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve

       disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan

       under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is

       indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with

       Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime

       boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands

       occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims

       Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu

       Tai)

       Climate:

       extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

       Terrain:

       mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills

       in east

       Natural resources:

       coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,

       molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's

       largest hydropower potential

       Land use:

       arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and

       woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5%

       Environment:

       frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern

       coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil

       erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution;

       desertification

       Note:

       world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)

      :China People

      Population:

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