The 1992 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level)

       President:

       last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun

       was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress

      :China Government

      Communists:

       49,000,000 party members (1990 est.)

       Other political or pressure groups:

       such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually

       within the party and government organization, that vary by issue

       Member of:

       AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

       IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN,

       UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship

       Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

       Diplomatic representation:

       Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington,

       DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese

       Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San

       Francisco

       US:

       Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing

       address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone

       [86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in

       Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang

       Flag:

       red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow

       five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the

       flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

      :China Economy

      Overview:

       Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the

       economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more

       productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the

       framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have

       switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of

       the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and

       plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale

       enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign

       economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying

       result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in

       the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal

       areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and

       modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and

       export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the

       darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the

       worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of

       capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has

       periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and

       thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose

       substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular

       resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres

       have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the

       nation's long-term economic viability.

       GNP:

       $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991)

       Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       2.1% (1991)

       Unemployment rate:

       4.0% in urban areas (1991)

       Budget:

       deficit $9.5 billion (1990)

       Exports:

       $71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

       commodities:

       textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum,

       minerals

       partners:

       Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990)

       Imports:

       $63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

       commodities:

       specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel,

       textile yarn, fertilizer

       partners:

       Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990)

       External debt:

       $51 billion (1990 est.)

       Industrial production:

       growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP

       Electricity:

       138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh

       per capita (1991)

       Industries:

       iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement,

       chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing

      :China Economy

      Agriculture:

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