The 2004 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries

       a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products

       from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are

       of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for

       domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,

       South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for

       shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in

       the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western

       Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production

       comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and

       offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering

       countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,

       and Thailand.

      Transportation Indian Ocean

      Ports and harbors:

       Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South

       Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne

       (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)

      Transnational Issues Indian Ocean

      Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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      @Indonesia

      Introduction Indonesia

      Background:

       The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;

       the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia

       declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required

       four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and

       UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.

       Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issues

       include: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism,

       continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments after

       four decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the

       banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption,

       holding the military and police accountable for human rights

       violations, and resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh and

       Papua.

      Geography Indonesia

      Location:

       Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the

       Pacific Ocean

      Geographic coordinates:

       5 00 S, 120 00 E

      Map references:

       Southeast Asia

      Area:

       total: 1,919,440 sq km

       water: 93,000 sq km

       land: 1,826,440 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly less than three times the size of Texas

      Land boundaries:

       total: 2,830 km

       border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New

       Guinea 820 km

      Coastline:

       54,716 km

      Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

      Climate:

       tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

      Terrain:

       mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

       highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

      Natural resources:

       petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,

       fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

      Land use: arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       48,150 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,

       volcanoes, forest fires

      Environment - current issues:

       deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air

       pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

       Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,

       Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

       signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life

       Conservation

      Geography - note:

       archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;

       strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian

       Ocean to Pacific Ocean

      People Indonesia

      Population:

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