The 2004 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ style="font-size:15px;">       section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in

       both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal

       cross-border trade, migration, and violence; Bangladesh protests

       India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous

       boundary; dispute with Bangladesh over volcanic New Moore/South

       Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime

       boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma

       to keep out Indian Nagaland insurgents; joint border commission

       continues to work on small disputed sections of boundary with Nepal;

       India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of

       Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

       refugees (country of origin): 92,394 (China), 60,922 (Sri Lanka)

       IDPs: 650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are Kashmiri

       Hindus) (2004)

      Illicit drugs:

       world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical

       trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit

       international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics

       produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;

       vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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      @Indian Ocean

      Introduction Indian Ocean

      Background:

       The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans

       (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the

       Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important access

       waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb

       (Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of

       Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the International

       Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth

       ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Ocean

       south of 60 degrees south.

      Geography Indian Ocean

      Location:

       body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and

       Australia

      Geographic coordinates:

       20 00 S, 80 00 E

      Map references:

       Political Map of the World

      Area:

       total: 68.556 million sq km

       note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,

       Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,

       Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of

       Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

      Area - comparative:

       about 5.5 times the size of the US

      Coastline:

       66,526 km

      Climate:

       northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to

       October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and

       October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February

       in the southern Indian Ocean

      Terrain:

       surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system

       of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of

       surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric

       pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in

       the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,

       while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter

       air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest

       winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean

       Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest

       Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Java Trench −7,258 m

       highest point: sea level 0 m

      Natural resources:

       oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,

       placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

      Natural hazards:

       occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

      Environment - current issues:

       endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and

       whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

      Geography - note:

       major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait

       of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait

      Economy Indian Ocean

      Economy - overview:

       The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle

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