The 2004 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ future. Growth in

       2001–03 fell short of 1%. The modernization and integration of the

       eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process,

       with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70

       billion. Germany's ageing population, combined with high

       unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level

       exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the

       labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers

       and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made

       unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing

       capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany

       to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration

       and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are

       further addressed. The government is also starting long-needed

       structural reforms designed to revitalize the country's economy. In

       the short run, however, the fall in government revenues and the rise

       in expenditures have raised the deficit above the EU's 3% debt limit.

      GDP:

       purchasing power parity - $2.271 trillion (2003 est.)

      GDP - real growth rate:

       −0.1% (2003 est.)

      GDP - per capita:

       purchasing power parity - $27,600 (2003 est.)

      GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 31% services: 68% (2002 est.)

      Investment (gross fixed):

       17.7% of GDP (2003)

      Population below poverty line:

       NA

      Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

      Distribution of family income - Gini index:

       30 (1994)

      Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       1.1% (2003 est.)

      Labor force:

       42.63 million (2003)

      Labor force - by occupation:

       agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999)

      Unemployment rate:

       10.5% (2003 est.)

      Budget:

       revenues: $1.079 trillion

       expenditures: $1.173 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA

       (2003 est.)

      Public debt:

       64.2% of GDP (2003)

      Agriculture - products:

       potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle,

       pigs, poultry

      Industries:

       among the world's largest and most technologically advanced

       producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery,

       vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages;

       shipbuilding; textiles

      Industrial production growth rate:

       0.2% (2003 est.)

      Electricity - production:

       544.8 billion kWh (2001)

      Electricity - consumption:

       506.8 billion kWh (2001)

      Electricity - exports:

       43.9 billion kWh (2001)

      Electricity - imports:

       44 billion kWh (2001)

      Oil - production:

       85,860 bbl/day (2001 est.)

      Oil - consumption:

       2.813 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

      Oil - exports:

       404,300 bbl/day (2001)

      Oil - imports:

       3.081 million bbl/day (2001)

      Oil - proved reserves:

       327.3 million bbl (1 January 2002)

      Natural gas - production:

       22.16 billion cu m (2001 est.)

      Natural gas - consumption:

       94.34 billion cu m (2001 est.)

      Natural gas - exports:

       6.674 billion cu m (2001 est.)

      Natural gas - imports:

       78.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)

      Natural gas - proved reserves:

       298.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

      Current account balance:

       $57.24 billion (2003)

      Exports:

       $696.9 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

      Exports - commodities:

       machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures,

       foodstuffs, textiles

      Exports - partners:

       France 10.6%, US 9.3%, UK 8.4%, Italy 7.4%, Netherlands 6.2%,

       Austria 5.3%, Belgium 5.1%, Spain 4.9%, Switzerland 4% (2003)

      Imports:

       $585 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

      Imports - commodities:

       machinery, vehicles, СКАЧАТЬ