The 2004 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ - international:

       about a third of the boundary with Russia remains undelimited, and

       none of it demarcated, with several small, strategic segments

       remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as

       the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in

       Abkhazia; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet

       Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains

       undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia

       seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan

       protests Georgian construction at the Red Bridge crossing and

       several other small segments of boundary, which remain unresolved

       until delimitation

      Refugees and internally displaced persons:

       IDPs: 260,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2004)

      Illicit drugs:

       limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for

       domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via

       Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

      This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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      @Germany

      Introduction Germany

      Background:

       As Europe's largest economy and most populous nation, Germany

       remains a key member of the continent's economic, political, and

       defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in

       two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and

       left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US,

       UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the

       Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal

       Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic

       (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic

       and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO,

       while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led

       Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War

       allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has

       expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages

       up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU

       countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

      Geography Germany

      Location:

       Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between

       the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

      Geographic coordinates:

       51 00 N, 9 00 E

      Map references:

       Europe

      Area:

       total: 357,021 sq km

       water: 7,798 sq km

       land: 349,223 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly smaller than Montana

      Land boundaries:

       total: 3,621 km

       border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646

       km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577

       km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

      Coastline:

       2,389 km

      Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

      Climate:

       temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;

       occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

      Terrain:

       lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster −3.54 m

       highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

      Natural resources:

       coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium,

       potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

      Land use: arable land: 33.85% permanent crops: 0.59% other: 65.56% (2001)

      Irrigated land:

       4,850 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       flooding

      Environment - current issues:

       emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to

       air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions,

       is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and

       industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste

       disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of

       nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU

       commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the

       EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

      Environment - international agreements:

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