The 1992 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ style="font-size:15px;">       Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-2700; there are Brazilian

       Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New

       York, and Consulates in Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco

       US:

       Ambassador Richard MELTON; Embassy at Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia,

       Distrito Federal (mailing address is APO AA 34030); telephone [55] (61)

       321-7272; FAX [55] (61) 225-9136; there are US Consulates General in Rio de

       Janeiro and Sao Paulo, and Consulates in PortoAlegre and Recife

       Flag:

       green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial

       globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the

       same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial

       band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

      :Brazil Economy

      Overview:

       The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered

       the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable

       foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition,

       the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by

       substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and

       mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several

       multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are

       private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts

       between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent

       violence. The Collor government, which assumed office in March 1990, is

       embarked on an ambitious reform program that seeks to modernize and

       reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy,

       and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government in December

       1991 signed a letter of intent with the IMF for a 20-month standby loan.

       Having reached an agreement on the repayment of interest arrears accumulated

       during 1989 and 1990, Brazilian officials and commercial bankers are engaged

       in talks on the reduction of medium- and long-term debt and debt service

       payments and on the elimination of remaining interest arrears. A major

       long-run strength is Brazil's vast natural resources.

       GDP:

       exchange rate conversion - $358 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth rate

       1.2% (1991)

       Inflation rate (consumer prices):

       478.5% (December 1991, annual rate)

       Unemployment rate:

       4.3% (1991)

       Budget:

       revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital

       expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990)

       Exports:

       $31.6 billion (1991)

       commodities:

       iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee

       partners:

       EC 31%, US 24%, Latin America 11%, Japan 8% (1990)

       Imports:

       $21.0 billion (1991)

       commodities:

       crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal

       partners:

       Middle East and Africa 22%, US 21%, EC 21%, Latin America 18%, Japan 6%

       (1990)

       External debt:

       $118 billion (December 1991)

       Industrial production:

       growth rate—0.5% (1991); accounts for 39% of GDP

       Electricity:

       58,500,000 kW capacity; 229,824 million kWh produced, 1,479 kWh per capita

       (1991)

       Industries:

       textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron

       ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin

       Agriculture:

       world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and orange juice concentrate

       and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other products - rice, corn,

       sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, except for wheat

      :Brazil Economy

      Illicit drugs:

       illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption;

       government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca

       cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian

       cocaine headed for the US and Europe

       Economic aid:

       US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US)

       countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC

       bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89),

       $1.3 billion

       Currency:

       cruzeiro (plural - cruzeiros); 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos

       Exchange rates:

       cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 1,197.38 (January 1992), 406.61 (1991), 68.300

       СКАЧАТЬ