The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ $3.5 billion (yearend 1995 est.)

      Economic aid—recipient: $1.2 billion (1997 pledged)

      Currency: 1 convertible marka (KM) = 100 convertible pfenniga

      Exchange rates: NA

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Communications

      Telephones: 727,000

      Telephone system: telephone and telegraph network is in need of

       modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average when

       compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics

       domestic: NA

       international: no satellite earth stations

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)

      Radios: 840,000

      Television broadcast stations: 21 (1997)

      Televisions: 1,012,094

      Transportation

      Railways:

       total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km; operating as diesel or steam

       until grids are repaired)

       standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1995); note—some segments

       still need repair and/or reconstruction

      Highways:

       total: 21,846 km

       paved: 11,425 km

       unpaved: 10,421 km (1996 est.)

       note: roads need maintenance and repair

      Waterways: NA km; large sections of Sava blocked by downed

       bridges, silt, and debris

      Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992);

       note—pipelines now disrupted

      Ports and harbors: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski

       Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava none of

       which are fully operational), Orasje

      Merchant marine: none

      Airports: 25 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with paved runways: total: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 8 (1998 est.)

      Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: Federation Army or VF (composed of both Croatian and Bosnian Muslim elements), Army of the Serb Republic (composed of Bosnian Serb elements); note—within both of these forces air and air defense are subordinate commands

      Military manpower—military age: 19 years of age

      Military manpower—availability:

       males age 15–49: 951,541 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 764,992 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—reaching military age annually:

       males: 28,438 (1999 est.)

      Military expenditures—dollar figure: $NA

      Military expenditures—percent of GDP: NA%

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes—international: disputes with Serbia over Serbian

       populated areas

      Illicit drugs: minor transit point for marijuana and opiate

       trafficking routes to Western Europe

      ======================================================================

      @Botswana————

      Geography

      Location: Southern Africa, north of South Africa

      Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 24 00 E

      Map references: Africa

      Area:

       total: 600,370 sq km

       land: 585,370 sq km

       water: 15,000 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Texas

      Land boundaries:

       total: 4,013 km

       border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe

       813 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

      Terrain: predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari

       Desert in southwest

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m

       highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

      Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash,

       potash, coal, iron ore, silver

      Land use:

       arable land: 1%

       permanent crops: 0%

       permanent pastures: 46%

       forests and woodland: 47%

       other: 6% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

      Environment—current issues: overgrazing; desertification; limited

       fresh water resources

      Environment—international СКАЧАТЬ