The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ Issues

      Disputes—international: has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water rights

      Illicit drugs: world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 46,900 hectares under cultivation in 1997, a 2.5% decrease in overall cultivation of coca from 1996 levels; Bolivia, however, is the second-largest producer of coca leaf; even so, farmer abandonment and voluntary and forced eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from 75,100 metric tons in 1996 to 73,000 tons in 1997, a 3% decrease from 1996; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US and other international drug markets; alternative crop program aims to reduce illicit coca cultivation

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      @Bosnia and Herzegovina———————————

      Introduction

      Background: On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former Yugoslavia's three warring parties signed a peace agreement that brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement, signed then by Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN, and Serbian President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally between the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska while maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized borders. In 1995–96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission is to deter renewed hostilities. SFOR remains in place. A High Representative appointed by the UN Security Council is responsible for civilian implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation, facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian implementation, and coordinating activities of the civilian organizations and agencies in Bosnia. The Bosnian conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs—supported by neighboring Serbia—responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement in Washington creating their joint Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation, formed by the Muslims and Croats in March 1994, is one of two entities (the other being the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska) that comprise Bosnia and Herzegovina.

      Geography

      Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and

       Croatia

      Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

      Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe

      Area:

       total: 51,233 sq km

       land: 51,233 sq km

       water: 0 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,459 km

       border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312

       km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro)

      Coastline: 20 km

      Maritime claims: NA

      Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

      Terrain: mountains and valleys

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

      Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,

       copper, chromium, lead, zinc

      Land use:

       arable land: 14%

       permanent crops: 5%

       permanent pastures: 20%

       forests and woodland: 39%

       other: 22% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes

      Environment—current issues: air pollution from metallurgical

       plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread

       casualties, water shortages, and destruction of infrastructure

       because of the 1992–95 civil strife

      Environment—international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

       Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection

       signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography—note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Muslim/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority

      People

      Population: 3,482,495 (July 1999 est.)

       note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable

       error because of the dislocations caused by military action and

       ethnic cleansing

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 17% (male 310,430; female 294,298)

       15–64 years: 71% (male 1,221,791; female 1,240,097)

       65 years and over: 12% (male 166,876; female 249,003) (1999 est.)

      Population growth rate: 3.2% (1999 est.)

      Birth rate: 9.36 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Death rate: 10.81 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Net migration rate: 33.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

СКАЧАТЬ