The 1997 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ system: based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

      Suffrage: each family has one vote in village-level elections

      Executive branch: chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972); note - the king is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972); note - the king is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) appointed by the king note: there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the king elections : none; the king is a hereditary monarch

      Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 12 represent religious bodies, and 33 are designated by the king to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held NA (next to be held NA) election results: NA

      Judicial branch: the Supreme Court of Appeal is the king; High Court, judges appointed by the king

      Political parties and leaders: no legal parties

      Political pressure groups and leaders: Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign

      International organization participation: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,

       IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, Intelsat, IOC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN,

       UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

      Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by Ugyen TSERING; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826–1919; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US consulate(s) general: New York honorary consulate(s): San Francisco; Washington, DC

      Diplomatic representation from the US: the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)

      Flag description: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side

      Economy

      Economy - overview: The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and account for about 40% of GDP. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are key resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to 4,000 per year to minimize foreign influence. The Bhutanese Government has made some progress in expanding the nation's productive base and improving social welfare, but growth continues to be constrained by the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. Growth picked up in 1995 and the country's balance of payments remained strong with comfortable reserves. The cautious fiscal stance planned for FY95/96 suggests continued economic stability in 1996. However, excessive controls and uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

      GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.3 billion (1995 est.)

      GDP - real growth rate: 6.9% (1995 est.)

      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $730 (1995 est.)

      GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 42% industry: 31% services : 27%

      Inflation rate - consumer price index: 8.6% (FY94/95 est.)

      Labor force: NA by occupation : agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% note: massive lack of skilled labor

      Unemployment rate: NA%

      Budget: revenues: $52 million expenditures: $150 million, including capital expenditures of $95 million (FY93/94 est.) note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of Bhutan's budget expenditures

      Industries: cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide

      Industrial production growth rate: 7.6% (1992 est.)

      Electricity - capacity: 351,000 kW (1989)

      Electricity - production: 1.67 billion kWh (1994) note: exports electricity to India

      Electricity - consumption per capita: 79 kWh (1995 est.)

      Agriculture - products: rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs

      Exports: total value: $70.9 million (f.o.b., FY94/95 est.) commodities: cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India), precious stones, spices partners: India 94%, Bangladesh

      Imports: total value: $113.6 million (c.i.f., FY94/95 est.) commodities : fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics, rice partners: India 77%, Japan, UK, Germany, US

      Debt - external: $141 million (October 1994)

      Economic aid: recipient: $NA

      Currency: 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender

      Exchange rates: ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 35.872 (January 1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992); note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

      Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

      @Bhutan:Communications

      Telephones: 4,620 (1991 est.)

      Telephone system: domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use international : international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1990)

      Radios: 23,000 (1989 est.)

      Television broadcast stations: 0 (1990 est.)

      Televisions: 200 (1985 est.)

      @Bhutan:Transportation

      Railways: 0 km

      Highways: total: 2,210 km paved: 0 km unpaved : 2,210 km (1995 est.)

      Ports and harbors: none

      Airports: 2 (1996 est.)

      Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (1996 est.)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (1996 est.)

      Military

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