On Indian Names, p. 375, in Trans American Philosophical Society, Vol. III, n. ser
Footnote_70_70
Proud, History of Pennsylvania, Vol. I, 144, II, p. 295. Heckewelder, Tran. Am. Philo. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 376.
Footnote_71_71
Matthew G. Henry, Delaware Indian Dictionary, p. 709. (MS in the Library of the Am. Phil. Soc.)
Footnote_72_72
"The Monthees who we called Wemintheuw," etc. Journal of Hendrick Aupaumut, Mems. Hist. Soc. Pa., Vol. II, p. 77.
Footnote_73_73
Heckewelder, ubi supra.
Footnote_74_74
New Jersey Archives, Vol. V, p. 22.
Footnote_75_75
The Rise and Progress of a Remarkable Work of Grace Among the Indians. By David Brainerd, in Works, p. 304.
Footnote_76_76
E de Schweimtz, Life of Zeisberger, p. 660, note.
Footnote_77_77
Travels into North America, Vol. II, pp. 93-94 (London, 1771).
Footnote_78_78
Lacombe, Dictionnaire de la Langue des Cris, p. 711. Dr. Trumbull, however, maintains that it is derived from sohkau-au, he prevails over (note to Roger Williams' Key, p. 162). If there is a genetic connection, the latter is the derivative. The word sakima is not known among the Minsi. In place of it they say K'htai, the great one, from kehtan, great. From this comes the corrupted forms tayach or tallach of the Nanticokes, and the tayac of the Pascatoways.
Footnote_79_79
Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society, p. 172.
Footnote_80_80
Loskiel, Geschichte der Mission, p. 168.
Footnote_81_81
For these particulars see Ettwein, Traditions and Language of the Indians, in Bulletin of the Pa. Hist. Soc., Vol. I; Charles Beatty, Journal of a Tour, etc., p. 51.
Footnote_82_82
C. Thompson, Inquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnee Indians, p. 16.
Footnote_83_83
I assign them the sweet potato on the excellent authority of Dr. C. Thompson, Essay on Indian Affairs, in Colls. of the Hist. Soc. of Penna., Vol. I, p. 81.
Footnote_84_84
Peter Kalm, Travels in North America, Vol. II, p. 42.
Footnote_85_85
See Peter Kalm, Travels in North America, Vol. II, pp. 110-115; William Darlington, Flora Cestrica. (West Chester, Pa., 1837.)
Footnote_86_86
For these facts, see Bishop Ettwem's article on the Traditions and Languages of the Indians, Bulletin of the Pa. Hist. Soc., 1848, p. 32. Van der Donck (1656) describes these palisaded strongholds, and Campanius (1642-48) gives a picture of one. See also E. de Schweimtz, Life of Zeisberger, p. 83. The Mohegan houses were sometimes 180 feet long, by about 20 feet wide, and occupied by numerous families. Van der Donck, Descrip. of the New Netherlands, pp. 196-7. Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc., Ser. II, Vol. I.
The native name of these wooden forts was menachk, derived from manachen, to cut wood (Cree, manikka, to cut with a hatchet). Roger Williams calls them aumansk, a form of the same word.
Footnote_87_87
See the communication on "Pottery on the Delaware," by him, in the Proceedings of the Am. Phil. Soc., 1868. The whole subject of the archæology of the Delaware valley and New Jersey has been treated in the most satisfactory manner by the distinguished antiquary, Dr. Charles C. Abbott, in his work, Primitive Industry (Salem, Mass., 1881), and his Stone Age in New Jersey (1877).
Footnote_88_88
Four specimens are reported from Berks Co., Pa., by Prof. D. P. Brunner, in his volume, The Indians of Berks Co., Pa., pp. 94, 95 (Reading, 1881). These were an axe, a chisel, a knife and a gouge. The metal was probably in part obtained in New Jersey, in part imported from the Lake Superior region. See further, Abbott, Primitive Industry, chap. xxviii. Peter Kalm, the Swedish naturalist, who visited New Jersey in 1748, says that when the copper mines "upon the second river between Elizabeth Town and New York" were discovered, old mining holes were found and tools which the Indians had made use of. Travels in North America, Vol. I, p. 384.
Footnote_89_89
Some antiquaries appear to have doubted whether the spear was in use as a weapon of war among the Pennsylvania Indians. (See Abbott, Primitive Industry, p. 248.) But the Susquehannocks are distinctly reported as employing as a weapon "a strong and light spear of locust wood." Relatio Itineris in Marylandiam, p. 85.
Footnote_90_90
For further information on this subject, an article may be consulted in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1st Ser., Vol. III, pp. 222, et seq., by Mr. Hugh Martin, entitled "An Account of the Principal Dies employed by the American Indians."
Footnote_91_91
The Delawares had three words for dog. One was allum, which recurs in many Algonkin dialects, and is derived by Mr. Trumbull from a root signifying "to lay hold of," or "to hold fast." The second was lennochum or lenchum, which means "the quadruped belonging to man;" lenno, man; chum, a four-footed beast. The third was moekaneu, a name derived from a general Algonkin root, in Cree, mokku, meaning "to tear in pieces," from which the Delaware word for bear, machque, has its origin, and also, significantly enough, the verb "to eat" in some dialects.
Footnote_92_92
History of West New Jersey, p. 3 (London, 1698).
Footnote_93_93
Bulletin Hist. Soc. of Penna., 1848, p. 32.
Footnote_94_94
E. M. Ruttenber, History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson River, p. 96, note.
Footnote_95_95
Maximilian, Prince of Wied, Travels in America, p. 35.
Footnote_96_96
A Key into the Language of America, p. 105.
Footnote_97_97
Documentary History of New York, Vol. III, pp. 29, 32.
Footnote_98_98
Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape, pp 108-109.
Footnote_99_99
They are given, with translations, in Zeisberger's Grammar, p. 109.
Footnote_100_100
See Loskiel, Geschichte der Mission, etc., pp. 32, 33; Heckewelder, History of the Indian Nations, chap. X.
Footnote_101_101
Dr. Charles C. Abbott, Primitive Industry, pp. 71, 207, 347, 379, 384, 390, 391. Dr. Abbott's suggestion that the bird's head seen on several specimens might represent the totem of the Turkey gens of the Lenape cannot be well founded, if Heckewelder is correct in saying that their totemic mark was only the foot of the fowl. Ind. Nations, p. 253.
Footnote_102_102
See Proceedings Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. X.
pgepubid00084
The subject is discussed, and comparative drawings of the native signatures reproduced, by Prof.
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