The 2002 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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      Currency: riel (KHR)

      Currency code: KHR

      Exchange rates: riels per US dollar - 3,895.0 (January 2002), 3,918.5 (2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997)

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Communications Cambodia

      Telephones - main lines in use: 21,800 (mid-1998)

      Telephones - mobile cellular: 80,000 (2000)

      Telephone system: general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service domestic: NA international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)

      Radios: 1.34 million (1997)

      Television broadcast stations: 5 (1999)

      Televisions: 94,000 (1997)

      Internet country code: .kh

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (2000)

      Internet users: 6,000 (2001)

      Transportation Cambodia

      Railways: total: 603 km narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge (2001 est.)

      Highways: total: 35,769 km paved: 4,165 km unpaved: 31,604 km (1997)

      Waterways: 3,700 km note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m

      Ports and harbors: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong,

       Phnom Penh

      Merchant marine: total: 404 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,889,404 GRT/2,740,232 DWT ships by type: bulk 37, cargo 312, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 5, container 7, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 2 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 8, British Virgin Islands 1, Bulgaria 3, China 21, Cyprus 15, Denmark 1, Egypt 7, Estonia 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Greece 12, Honduras 5, Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Japan 5, Jordan 1, Latvia 2, Lebanon 5, Liberia 5, Lithuania 1, Malta 1, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Panama 7, Romania 4, Russia 67, Saint Kitts and Nevis 10, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 15, South Korea 24, Syria 13, Thailand 1, Turkey 22, Ukraine 13, United Arab Emirates 2, United Kingdom 1, United States 5, Vietnam 2, Virgin Islands (UK) 1 (2002 est.)

      Airports: 20 (2001)

      Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2001)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 15 under 914 m: 1 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 13

      Heliports: 2 (2001)

      Military Cambodia

      Military branches: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Army, Navy,

       Air Force

      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,990,790 (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,673,713 (2002 est.)

      Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 162,643 (2002 est.)

      Military expenditures - dollar figure: $112 million (FY01 est.)

      Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 3% (FY01 est.)

      Transnational Issues Cambodia

      Disputes - international: demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam is nearing completion; accuses Thailand of moving or destroying boundary markers and encroachment, of not respecting its claims, and of sealing off access to the Preah Vihear temple ruin awarded to Cambodia by the ICJ in 1962; accuses Vietnam of territorial encroachments and initiating armed border incidents in seven provinces, despite substantial demarcation efforts to date; disputes several offshore islands with Vietnam, which prevents delimitation of a maritime boundary

      Illicit drugs: possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market

      This page was last updated on 1 January 2002

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      Chad

      Introduction

      Chad

      Background: Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. A peace agreement, signed in January 2002 between the government and the rebels, provides for the demobilization of the rebels and their reintegration into the political system. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.

      Geography Chad

      Location: Central Africa, south of Libya

      Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E

      Map references: Africa

      Area: total: 1.284 million sq km water: 24,800 sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km

      Area - comparative: slightly more than three times the size of California

      Land boundaries: total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km,

       Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km,

       Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: tropical in south, desert in north

      Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point:

       Emi Koussi 3,415 m

      Natural resources: petroleum СКАЧАТЬ