Liquid Biofuels. Группа авторов
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Название: Liquid Biofuels

Автор: Группа авторов

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Физика

Серия:

isbn: 9781119793014

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ increasing world population, industrialization and overuse of fossil resources have changed the way governments look at renewable energy sources as the environmental problems have become a global problem, moving away from the regional and national dimension over time. Countries that do not want to be dependent on external energy and have problems in energy supply are trying to increase and diversify their alternative energy sources due to increasing environmental problems due to fossil resources. New and renewable energy sources, which are an important opportunity especially for countries that are dependent on external energy, have become an important driving factor in the development of countries, together with captured cost advantages. With the positive developments in alternative energy sources in the world, biomass energy is one of the renewable energy sources that has been evaluated and increased in importance in this context recently. Biomass will be of potential importance in terms of providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy source in the future. It is reported that 90% of the world’s population will live in developing countries by 2050. In developed countries, the use of modern technologies and efficient bio-energy conversions using bio-fuels that are economically competitive with fossil fuels tends to increase.

      When we examine the production costs of biofuels, we see that energy agriculture is supported at high levels today and biofuel production is very costly with existing technologies. Estimates state that by 2050 energy plants could be produced at the level of today’s most costly coals. Ethanol produced today is diagnosed as a transitional technology product. The long-term goal is to produce direct fuel from biomass by establishing advanced biorafineries. These refineries will produce more efficiently using all parts of the biomass. But an important question is, “When will the production of biofuels be increased to larger industrial scales?” In addition, research and development activities on the subject will determine the future of technology. It is expected that cellulosic biomass technology will be used extensively for ethanol production in the coming years as an environmental positive effect cellulosic biofuel will be produced with perennial herbs and trees that will prevent erosion. Thanks to these new plants and trees, monoculture will also be eliminated from agriculture. In order to produce cellulosic ethanol, especially large-scale plants in the world are under construction, but the development of the technology requires 7-10 years more.

      While examining the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, it is important to note that many policies have been intertwined. Energy, environment, agriculture and rural development are linked to the policies to be created for the production and use of fuel from renewable sources. It is possible that biofuels are an alternative solution to energy, rural development and environmental problems.

      It has been determined that plants and plant residues to be used in biofuel production are alternative sources and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources that do not harm human nutrition and environmental health. In this context, fuels of vegetable origin are grouped as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, biomethanol, biomethyl ether and bio-oil. The most common of biofuels are bioethanol and biodiesel. Bioethanol is a high octane number of biofuel, originated from starch and obtained from agricultural products. Bioethanol is obtained as a result of the fermentation process applied after the conversion of starch to sugar, which is present in agricultural product. It can be mixed directly with gasoline. The main plants that can produce bioethanol are wheat, sugar beet and corn. Utilization of biomass can be in the form of direct combustion or by increasing the quality of fuel in various ways, and obtaining biofuels close to known energy sources or having equivalent properties. Nowadays, there is no rapidly growing agricultural production area built to provide biofuels. Researchers are working to find alternative energy sources from renewable raw materials because of the limited and depleted of conventional petroleum fuels. Renewable energy technologies have an important place in reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as eliminate the world’s energy demand. Biomass energy potential is the most promising energy source among its renewable energy sources due to its worldwide availability. Apart from this, biomass has unique advantages such as providing solid, liquid and gaseous fuels that can be stored, transported and used away from the starting point among the fuels other than renewable energy sources. Biofuels have many priorities that offer sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, regional development, social structure and agriculture. As a result, biofuels can be a valuable source of energy with planned production.