Liquid Biofuels. Группа авторов
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Название: Liquid Biofuels

Автор: Группа авторов

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Физика

Серия:

isbn: 9781119793014

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ fluidized bed reactors is simpler. It has many advantages, such as good gas solid contact, excellent heat transfer properties, better temperature control and large heat storage capacity. Fluid bed pyrolysis offers good and consistent performance from wood, usually with a high liquid product efficiency of 60-75% by weight [58].

       1.4.2.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed and Transport Bed Reactor

      Circulating fluidized bed pyrolysis reactors have similar properties as bubble pyrolysis reactors. Compared to the bubbling fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor, steam and char are formed faster due to higher gas velocities. Thus, the char content in bio-oil is higher. Circulating fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor should provide higher process capacity, better gas solid contact [59].

Reactor Type Biomass Temperature (°C) Pressure (atm) Biofuel Yield (%) Reference
Circulating fluidized bed Wood chips 250 138 49.9 [61]
Tubular quartz Arthrospira platensis 450 NA 29.9 [62]
Circulating fluid bed reactor Lignocellulosic biomass 400-600 1.6-3.3 72 [63]
Stirred semi-batch reactor Municipal plastic wastes 400 1 76 [64]
Fluidized bed reactor Coal and beechwood 600 NA 46 [65]
Double auger reactor Hardwood 1061 NA 62 [66]
Downer fluidizer bed reactor Lignocellulosic biomass 500 1 49.9 [67]
Spouted bed reactor Lignocellulosic biomass 450 NA 58.7 [68]

       1.4.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis Reactor

      The heat transferred from the hot reactor wall softens the raw material it contacts with under pressure. Pyrolysis moves in one direction between the biomass particles. Since the raw material is mechanically pushed forward, the remaining liquid film creates lubrication for the biomass particles. It also evaporates quickly to collect pyrolysis vapors. Pressure significantly affects the reaction rate. The advantages of the ablative pyrolysis reactor are that the particles create high pressure on the hot reactor wall due to the high relative motion and mechanical strength between the particle and the reactor wall [58].

       1.4.2.4 Rotary Cone Reactor

      Gas-solid contact was provided in the rotating conical reactor. At room temperature, biomass particles and hot sand particles are contacted near the bottom of the cone when the solids are mixed and carried up by the rotational motion of the cone. In such reactors, rapid heating and short gas retention time should be provided. Pressure is just above atmospheric levels. The initially entrained biomass enters the reactor superficially so that the particles are centrifuged against the cyclone wall, which is electrically heated to 1000 °C [59].

      1.4.3 Chemical Conversion

      1.4.4 Electrochemical Conversion

      Biomass can be converted into electrical energy by electrochemical (electrocatalytic) oxidation of the material. This can be performed in a carbon fuel cell, using an ethanol fuel cell, a methanol fuel cell and a microbial fuel cell. Fuel can also be consumed indirectly through a fuel cell system that includes a reformer that converts biomass into a mixture of CO and H2 before being consumed in the fuel cell [78].

СКАЧАТЬ
Biomass Reactor Type Temperature (°C) Chemical Biofuel Yield (%) Reference
Tea factory waste Fixed bed 400-700 KOH 24.7 [70]
Chlorella pyrenoidosa Mini autoclave 400 Freshly deionized water 43.8 [71]
Soybean oil 5L home-made reactor 40 SnO 60 [72]
Pinewood Autoclave 280 Pt/C 33 [73]
Empty fruit bunches Autoclave 300 Metal chloride 22.8 [74]