The 1997 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, most of which had not participated in the vigorous expansion of the economy and many of which have been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 60 to 100 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to maintaining growth in living standards. Another long-term threat to continued rapid economic growth is the deterioration in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development; furthermore, the regime gives insufficient priority to agricultural research. The next few years will witness increasing tensions between a highly centralized political system and an increasingly decentralized economic system. Rapid economic growth likely will continue but at a declining rate.

      GDP: purchasing power parity - $3.39 trillion (1996 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1995 with use of official Chinese growth figure for 1996; the result may overstate China's GDP by as much as 25%)

      GDP - real growth rate: 9.7% (1996 est.)

      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,800 (1996 est.)

      GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 20% industry: 49% services : 31% (1995 est.)

      Inflation rate - consumer price index: 10% (1996 est.)

      Labor force: total : 614.7 million (1994) by occupation: agriculture and forestry 54%, industry and commerce 26%, construction and mining 7%, social services 6%, other 7% (1994)

      Unemployment rate: officially 3% in urban areas; probably 8%-10%; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas (1996 est.)

      Budget: revenues : $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

      Industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles and apparel, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing, autos, consumer electronics, telecommunications

      Industrial production growth rate: 13% (1996 est.)

      Electricity - capacity: 210 million kW (1995)

      Electricity - production: 859 billion kWh (1994)

      Electricity - consumption per capita: 684 kWh (1995 est.)

      Agriculture - products: rice, wheat, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, other fibers, oilseed; pork and other livestock products; fish

      Exports: total value : $151.07 billion (f.o.b., 1996) commodities: clothing, miscellaneous consumer goods, fabrics, footwear, toys, electrical machinery and switchgear (1995) partners: Hong Kong, Japan, US, South Korea, Germany, Singapore (1995)

      Imports: total value : $138.83 billion (c.i.f., 1996) commodities: plastics, fabrics, telecommunications equipment, electrical machinery and switchgear, transistors, other industrial machinery (1995) partners: Japan, US, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Germany, Russia (1995)

      Debt - external: $92 billion (1994 est.)

      Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $1.977 billion (1993)

      Currency: 1 yuan (¥) = 10 jiao

      Exchange rates: yuan (¥) per US$1 - 8.2963 (January 1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995), 8.6187 (1994), 5.7620 (1993), 5.5146 (1992) note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      @China:Communications

      Telephones: 20 million (1994 est.)

      Telephone system: domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships domestic: telephone lines are being expanded to 100 million by 1996; interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 274, FM NA, shortwave 0

      Radios: 216.5 million (1992 est.)

      Television broadcast stations: 202 (repeaters 2,050)

      Televisions: 75 million

      @China:Transportation

      Railways: total : 62,500 km (including 5,400 km of provincial "local" rails) standard gauge: 58,900 km 1.435-m gauge (9,700 km electrified; 18,100 km double track) narrow gauge: 3,600 km 0.750-m gauge local industrial lines (1996 est.)

      Highways: total: 1.117 million km paved: 239,500 km unpaved: 877,500 km (1996 est.)

      Waterways: 138,600 km; about 110,600 km navigable

      Pipelines: crude oil 9,700 km; petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km (1990)

      Ports and harbors: Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Lianyungang,

       Nanjing, Nantong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou,

       Tianjin, Xiamen, Yantain, Zhanjiang

      Merchant marine: total: 1,736 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,749,069 GRT/25,196,607 DWT ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 325, cargo 883, chemical tanker 16, combination bulk 11, container 109, liquefied gas tanker 9, multifunction large-load carrier 6, oil tanker 232, passenger 6, passenger-cargo 47, refrigerated cargo 24, roll-on/roll-off cargo 22, short-sea passenger 43, specialized tanker 1 note: China owns an additional 270 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,754,413 DWT operating under the registries of Panama, Hong Kong, Malta, Liberia, Vanuatu, Cyprus, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Marshall Islands, and Singapore (1996 est.)

      Airports: 206 (1996 est.)

      Airports - with paved runways: total: 192 over 3,047 m: 18 2,438 to 3,047 m: 65 1,524 to 2,437 m: 90 914 to 1,523 m : 13 under 914 m: 6 (1996 est.)

      Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m : 1 (1996 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: People's Liberation Army (PLA), which includes the

       Ground Forces, Navy (includes Marines and Naval Aviation), Air Force,

       Second Artillery Corps (the strategic missile force), People's Armed

       Police (internal security troops, nominally subordinate to Ministry of

       Public Security, but included by the Chinese as part of the "armed

       forces" and considered to be an adjunct to the PLA in wartime)

      Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age

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