The 2003 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ expenditures - percent of GDP:

       2.9% (FY02)

      Transnational Issues Australia

      Disputes - international:

       maritime delimitation and resource sharing agreements signed with

       East Timor resolve dispute over "Timor Gap" hydrocarbon reserves; no

       agreement reached on dividing Timor Sea with Indonesia (see Ashmore

       and Cartier Islands disputes); Australia asserts a territorial claim

       to Antarctica and to its continental shelf (see Antarctica)

      Illicit drugs:

       Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate

       products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium

       poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

      This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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      @Austria

      Introduction Austria

      Background:

       Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire,

       Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World

       War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent

       occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status

       remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended

       the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade

       unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year

       declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for

       Soviet military withdrawal. This neutrality, once ingrained as part

       of the Austrian cultural identity, has been called into question

       since the Soviet collapse of 1991 and Austria's entry into the

       European Union in 1995. A prosperous country, Austria entered the

       European Monetary Union in 1999.

      Geography Austria

      Location:

       Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

      Geographic coordinates:

       47 20 N, 13 20 E

      Map references:

       Europe

      Area:

       total: 83,858 sq km

       water: 1,120 sq km

       land: 82,738 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly smaller than Maine

      Land boundaries:

       total: 2,562 km

       border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366

       km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330

       km, Switzerland 164 km

      Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

       none (landlocked)

      Climate:

       temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in

       lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers

      Terrain:

       in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern

       and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m

       highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

      Natural resources:

       iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper,

       hydropower

      Land use: arable land: 16.89% permanent crops: 0.99% other: 82.12% (1998 est.)

      Irrigated land:

       457 sq km (2000 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       landslides; avalanches; earthquakes

      Environment - current issues: some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

       Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

       Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

       Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

       Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

       Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

       signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

       Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

       Protocol

      Geography - note:

       landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe

       with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river

       is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands

       because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

      People Austria

      Population:

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