Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter

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СКАЧАТЬ (+ gen.): at this.ἐξαγγέλλω: to report, proclaim, make known.ἐπϵιδή: since, seeing that.ἐπί (+ dat.): upon, at, near.ἡδέως: gladly, pleasantly, with pleasure.ἤδη: now, presently.ἡλικία, -ας, ἡ: time of life, age. καὶ δὴ καί: and especially, and in particular, and what is more.ὅς, ἥ, ὅ: who, which.ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι: whosoever, whichsoever.οὐδός, -οῦ, ὁ: threshold, verge.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thingποιητής, -οῦ, ὁ: poet.πότϵρον … ἤ: whether … or.πυνθάνομαι: to learn, hear.πῶς: how?σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.φαίνομαι: to appear to be.φημί: to say, affirm, assert.χαλϵπός, -ή, -όν: hard to deal with, difficult, irksome.

      καὶ δὴ καὶ: The conjunction connects the previous sentence with this one and marks a kind of climax (S. 2890). The first καί is conjunctional, the postpositive particle δή is intensive with καί, and the second καί is adverbial, emphasizing the following word (S. 2890) (D. καὶ δὴ καί, pg. 255).

      σοῦ: Singular, genitive form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Genitive of source (S. 1410-11).

      ἡδέως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094).

      ἂν πυθοίμην: Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). ἂν: The potential optative with the particle ἄν states a future possibility, propriety, or likelihood, as an opinion of the speaker, here meaning “would” (S. 1824). πυθοίμην: First person, singular, aorist, deponent, optative of πυνθάνομαι (S. 383). The subject ἐγώ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The present and aorist are used of what will be, or what will prove to be, true (S. 1828).

      ὅ τί … βίου: Indirect question dependent on πυθοίμην (S. 2663).

      ὅ τί {(ὂν) = (ὅ τι ὄν)}: Singular, neuter, nominative indirect interrogative pronomial adjective (S. 339-40). Predicate nominative modifying τοῦτο after φαίνϵται (S. 1262). ὅ: The oxytone, followed by an enclitic, retains its accent and does not change from the acute to grave (S. 154.a). τί: The acute accent is thrown back from the following enclitic σοι (S. 185). ὄν: Supply the supplementary participle ὄν after φαίνϵται; the verb φαίνομαι can govern either the infinitive or a participle with a change of meaning; the infinitive implies that the claim may not be true while the participle implies that the claim does not merely seem true, but actually is (S. 2119,2143).

      σοι: Singular, dative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). Dative of reference; the dative of a pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good (S. 1496). When several enclitics occur in succession, each receives an accent from the following, only the last having no accent (S. 185).

      φαίνϵται: Third person, singular, present, middle, indicative of φαίνω (S. 383). Main verb of the indirect question (S. 2173). The mood and tense of the direct question are retained after a potential optative (πυθοίμην) (S. 2677).

      τοῦτο: Nominative subject of φαίνϵται (S. 927, 938). Here the neuter pronoun points ahead to the indirect questions πότϵρον … ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. 1247).

      ἐπϵιδὴ … ποιηταί: Causal clause introduced by the causal conjunction ἐπϵιδή (S. 2240).

      ἐνταῦθα … τῆς ἡλικίας: The adverb of time ἐνταῦθα is here used with the genitive and means “at this” (L.S. ἐνταῦθα III) (S. 1439.b).

      ἤδη: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

      ϵἶ: Second person, singular, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the causal clause (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). This is the only form of the present tense of ϵἰμί that is not an enclitic (S. 181.c).

      ὃ … ποιηταί: Relative clause (S. 2488-2573).

      ὃ … ϵἶναι: Accusative/infinitive construction in indirect discourse after φασὶν (S. 2016). ὃ: Singular, neuter, accusative relative pronoun; the neuter does not agree with its antecedent (τῆς ἡλικίας) but is in agreement with the notion implied in the antecedent meaning “a thing which” (S. 2502.d). Accusative subject of the infinitive (S. 1972). ϵἶναι: Present infinitive of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the indirect discourse; the infinitive represents a finite verbafter verbs of saying and thinking; each tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse (S. 2019, 2022).

      δὴ: The postpositive particle, when following a relative pronoun, stresses the importance of the antecedent or its exact identification with the consequent (S. 2843) (D. δή, pg. 218).

      ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ: Prepositional phrase; ἐπί with the dative here means “upon, at, near” (S. 1689.2.a). The prepositional phrase stands in the predicate position after ϵἶναι (S. 917-18). γήραος: Partitive genitive with οὐδῷ without the article; the partitive genitive stands before or after the word denoting the part (S. 1126, 1306-07). οὐδῷ: The article is often omitted in phrases containing prepositions (S. 1128).

      φασὶν: Third person, plural, present, indicative of φημί (S. 783). Main verb of the relative clause (S. 2173). The enclitic retains its accent after the improper diphthong ῷ (= ωι) (S. 5, 183.d). The moveable -ν is added to words ending in -σι when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).

      οἱ ποιηταί: Nominative subject of φασὶν (S. 927, 938).

      πότϵρον … ἢ … ἐξαγγέλλϵις: Indirect alternative questions in apposition to τοῦτο (S. 994).

      πότϵρον … ἢ: The interrogative adverb and conjunction introduce the coordinate indirect questions (S. 2675).

      χαλϵπὸν {(ἐστί ἐκϵῖο) = (χαλϵπόν ἐστιν ἐκϵῖο)}: Singular, neuter, nominative predicate adjective modifying ἐκϵῖο (“this”), the supplied subject of the supplied verb ἐστιν (S. 910). ἐστιν ἐκϵῖο: Supply ἐστιν as the main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause: πότϵρον … βίου and ἐκϵῖο (the antecedent is τοῦτο) as its subject (S. 944, 948).

      τοῦ βίου: Partitive genitive; here the noun of which this is a part is implied (“part”, “time”, etc.)

      πῶς: Indirect interrogative adverb (S. 346, 1094).

      σὺ: Singular, nominative personal pronoun of σύ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἐξαγγέλλϵις (S. СКАЧАТЬ