Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. Mannetter

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СКАЧАТЬ ἀπιόντϵς: The adverb ὡς, used with a participle in the case of the subject, marks the reason or motive of the action and means “as if, as” (S. 2086) (L. S. ὡς C). ἀπιόντϵς: Plural, masculine, nominative, present circumstantial participle of ἄπϵιμι used to denote purpose modifying ὑμϵῖς, the supplied subject of δοκϵῖτέ (S. 2065). The present form of the participle may imply either present or future time (S. 1880).

      Οὐ γὰρ κακῶς δοξάζϵις, ἦν δ´ἐγώ. (327.c)

γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.δέ: and.δοξάζω: to form or hold an opinion.ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ: I, of me.

ἠμί: to say.κακῶς: badly, wrongly.οὐ: not.

      Οὐ … κακῶς: A litotes is affirmation expressed by the negative of the contrary (S. 3032). English examples would include: not bad = good, not uncommon = common, not unlikely = likely.

      Οὐ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement and is generally placed before the word it negates (κακῶς) (S. 2688, 2690).

      γὰρ: The postpositive particle here marks assent (S. 2806) (D. γάρ, pg. 89).

      κακῶς: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).

      δοξάζϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of δοξάζω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). Denniston notes that “Plato often echoes a word from the preceding speech, when the second speaker endorses a view put forward by the first” (D. γάρ, pg. 89).

      ἦν δ´ἐγώ: This phrase introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ἠμί (S. 792). Main verb of the introductory phrase (S. 903). The irregular verb only occurs in the present and imperfect 1st and 3d singular (= Latin inquam, inquit) (S. 792). δ´: Postpositive conjunction connecting this sentence with the previous one; the copulative δέ marks transition, and is the ordinary particle used in connecting successive clauses or sentences which add something new or different, but not opposed, to what precedes, and are not joined by other particles, such as γάρ or οὖν (S. 2835-2836).“As a connective, δέ denotes either pure connection ‘and’, or contrast, ‘but’, with all that lies between” (D. δέ, pg. 162). An elision of δὲ (S. 70). ἐγώ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject (S. 927, 938). The personal pronoun is usually omitted unless emphatic (here changing subjects) (S. 1190). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

      ῾Ορᾷς οὐν ἡμᾶς, ἔφη, ὅσοι ἐσμέν; Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (327.c)

γάρ: aye, yes, in truth, truly.ϵἰμί: to be.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.ὁράω: to see, perceive.ὅσος, -η, -ον: how many.

οὐ: not.οὐν: well, now.πῶς: how?φημί: to say.

      ῾Ορᾷς: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of ὁράω (S. 385). Main verb of the complex sentence (S. 2173). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).

      οὐν: The postpositive (normally second position) inferential particle, usually classed as a conjunction, signifies that something follows from what precedes. Inferential οὖν marks a transition to a new thought and continues a narrative, resumes an interrupted narration, and in general states a conclusion or inference. It stands alone or in conjunction with other particles (S. 2964) (D. οὖν, pg. 425-426).

      ἡμᾶς: First person, plural, accusative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Accusative direct object of ῾Ορᾷς (S. 1554).

      ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

      ὅσοι ἐσμέν: Indirect (dependent) exclamation (Polemarchus is not asking an indirect question “how many are we?” but stating a fact “how many we are!” and hence this is an indirect exclamation rather than an indirect question) (S. 2685).

      ὅσοι: Plural, masculine, nominative predicate exclamatory pronoun modifying ἡμϵῖς, the supplied subject of ἐσμέν, after ἐσμέν (S. 340, 1040). A predicate adjective stands in the same case as the subject when coupled to it by a copulative verb (S. 918.d, 1040). The antecedent is ἡμᾶς (S. 2501).

      ἐσμέν: First person, plural, present, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the exclamatory clause (S. 2173). After a primary verb (῾Ορᾷς), the original tense and mood are retained (S. 2677). The subject ἡμϵῖς is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190). The preceding paroxytone ὅσοι receives no additional accent and the dissyllabic enclitic ἐσμέν retains its accent (S. 183.d). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

      Πῶς γὰρ οὔ: The phrase answers “yes” in the form of a question (S. 2680.d). Πῶς: Interrogative adverb of manner (S. 346, 1094). γὰρ: The post-positive particle marks assent in answers (S. 2806). οὔ: The simple negative particle οὐ is the negative of fact and statement (S. 2688). The proclitic takes an acute accent at the end of a sentence (S. 180.a). An acute, when not immediately followed by another word, does not change to a grave (S. 154).

      ῝Η τοίνυν τούτων, ἔφη, κρϵίττους γένϵσθϵ ἢ μένϵτ´αὐτοῦ. (327.c)

αὐτοῦ: here, right here.γίγνομαι: to become, be, prove to be.ἢ …, ἤ: either …, or ….κρϵίττων, -ον: stronger, mightier, more powerful.

μένω: to stay, tarry, remain.οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο: this man, woman, or thing.τοίνυν: therefore, accordingly.φημί: to say.

      ῝Η … ἢ: The repeated disjunctive conjunction connects the two coordinate clauses (S. 2163.C, 2856).

      τοίνυν: The postpositive particle is here inferential, meaning “therefore, accordingly” (S. 2987).

      τούτων: Plural, masculine, genitive demonstrative pronoun used substantively; the antecedent is the other men with Polemarchus referred to above (S. 1238). Genitive of comparison with κρϵίττους (S. 1431).

      ἔφη: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative of φημί (S. 783). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The subject ἐκϵῖνος (the antecedent is ὁ Πολέμαρχος) is not expressed but implied in the verb (S. 931).

      κρϵίττους: Plural, masculine, nominative predicate irregular comparative adjective modifying ὑμϵῖς, the supplied subject of γένϵσθϵ, after γένϵσθϵ СКАЧАТЬ