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Figure 1.7 Green IoT–based applications.

1.10.2.2 Identification

      IoT helps is the identification by coherent tracking methods. RFID-based identification is the easiest way to do it. It provides quick retrieval of patient information and finding the current location of the patient in the hospital. This also helps to reduce the blunder rate of patient incidents like overdose, wrong drug, infant identification (to prevent mismatching), etc., to a great extent by the constant monitoring of the patient information [33].

       1.10.2.3 Smart Data Collection

      It aids to reduce the processing time in every section either it is related to auditing, searching, or analysis. It also helps in reducing the cost. It provides automated care.

1.10.2.4 Smart Sensing

      Various sensors can be used to access the real-time health of patient within seconds.

      1.10.3 Environment Monitoring

      It helps in monitoring the various changes happening in the environment whether it is temporal, organism, physical, or spatial made by human or nature itself.

       1.10.3.1 Agriculture

      It measures the water level, this way it helps in suggesting the suitable crop to be grown. It helps in saving of the water by sensing the humidity of the soil. Only required amount of water is supplied then. It prevents forest fires also.

       1.10.3.2 Smog Control

      IoT Academy (IoTA) worked to improve the air quality in UK. It is employing sensors and other gadgets for improving the air quality in London. IoTA proposed a solution named “BuggyAir project”. According to this, to measure the street level smog various sensors are to be installed in strollers (buggies) and the data will be recorded for analysis. The exact location of the pollution will be given the GPS installed in the stroller. This way, with the usage of IoT it will be easier to understand the complexity of the pollution and to control the air quality also to the great extent [34].

       1.10.3.3 Waste Management

It has become a serious problem due to the rapid rise in the volume of solid and hazardous waste. It causes a serious impact on the environment. It is challenging because the costs for waste disposal are significant especially in densely populated countries. There are many types of waste such as biomedical waste, municipal waste, electronic waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Various corporate and municipal bodies are working day and night to lessen the impact of waste dumping. RFID technology can be helpful in the handling of waste management. RFID-enabled trash is thrown into the bin, as it receives the trash the antenna and reader communicate through RFID tags, and automatic bin identifies the junk and helps in reprocessing accordingly. This leads to better health management [34].

       1.10.3.4 Smart Water

      Various sensors can be used to monitor the emissions of factories, the quality of tap water, toxic gages generated by cars, etc.

      1.10.4 Suburban Sector

       1.10.4.1 Smart Buildings

      A homeowner can monitor all their instruments and devices easily and can track which device is wasting unnecessary energy in order to save energy. Solar panels are one of them to save energy and to promote green energy. Various IoT solutions suggest how to allocate energy properly without wasting money. The better the analysis of data provided by IoT; the more energy can be saved. It is directly proportional. Now, we have heat and motion sensors, with this energy can be saved. When a person comes into the room, the light automatically turns on and when he/she goes out, the light automatically turns off [35].

       1.10.4.2 Garbage Collection

      These days, some cities are using smart dust bins that tell automatically once they get full. This saves a large amount of time for dust bin collectors and helps in keeping the environment clean.

       1.10.4.3 Water Sensors

      These sensors help in finding where the taps are open unnecessarily and which restaurant and hotels are blocking the sewers.

       1.10.4.4 Smart Metering

Smart meter provide the reading of consume electricity to the electricity board which helps for better billing and monitoring purposes. Traditional meters only provide information such as total consumption only while Smart meters provides information about how the energy is being disbursed. By using smart meters, a householder can manage their energy consumption in proper way, can save his/her money by cutting the bills, and can help to mitigate the carbon emissions [36].

      1.10.5 People and Goods Transportation

      With the passage of time, the world population has been grown also. Therefore, to manage the traffic in a sustainable way these days, trains, cars, bicycles, buses, and roads are equipped with tags, actuators, and sensors to provide accurate and real-time information to traffic controllers. This advanced transportation system is the backbone of on-time delivery and keeping the information up to date for better services. It provides the tourists with appropriate information on the go.

       1.10.5.1 Smart Parking

      IoT helps to ascertain the vacant space for packing in densely populated cities.

       1.10.5.2 Smart Traffic Congestion Detection

      Now, the world’s population has become the biggest problem and it is rising by leaps and bounds. Therefore, in this scenario, managing the traffic is a tough job. Here, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) provides a way to escape traffic jamming. This enables the vehicles to connect nearer one for gaining traffic information in a better way. It helps to build a green environment by cutting carbon emissions to a larger СКАЧАТЬ