Exploring evaluative, emotive and persuasive strategies in discourse. AAVV

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ 19.89 Entertain: Estimate 178 9.57 Entertain: Infer 65 3.49 Entertain: Speculate 124 6.67 Entertain: Opine 3 0.16 ATTRIBUTE 192 10.32 Attribute: Acknowledge 80 4.30 Attribute: Distance 112 6.02 CONTRACTION PROCLAIM 344 18.49 Proclaim: Concur 94 5.05 Proclaim: Pronounce 136 7.31 Proclaim: Endorse 114 6.13 DISCLAIM 842 45.27 Disclaim: Deny 376 20.22 Disclaim: Counter 466 25.05 CITED-EXPANSION Ex-expansion 12 0.65 Ex-contraction 48 2.58 CITED-CONTRACTION Co-expansion 10 0.54 Co-contraction 40 2.15

      6.2 ENGAGEMENT IN THE ENGLISH AND SPANISH TEXTS

      Table 3 shows the distribution of the Engagement expressions of the major categories in the English and Spanish texts (originals and translations). Although the distribution of the frequencies of the categories is similar at first sight, the chi-square test has proved that the difference is significant, thus partly disconfirming the first hypothesis. This difference is due to the higher number of Contraction expressions in the Spanish texts, and above all in the Citedexpansion fragments, which are more than twice as common in the English texts; that is, the translations have not always maintained the Appraisal categories of the original. An example is (27), which occurs within a quotation, where the translator includes an expression of Cited expansion: ex-Contraction that does not occur in the original (28).

      (27)“He continually lived in impatient anticipation of something his brain was sure to produce” (ETrans_ESS_004)

      (28)“[…] Vivía siempre a la expectativa, más bien impaciente, de algo que iba a surgir en su cabeza” (SO_ESS_004)

      As for the subtypes of Expansion and Contraction, the chi-square test yields no significant distributional differences in any of the cases; this result partially confirms the first hypothesis. However, it must be noted that Contraction shows the dissimilarity that Proclaim and Disclaim are more common in the English and Spanish texts, respectively.

Table 3. Distribution of the Engagement spans by major categories in the English and Spanish texts (originals and translations)

      With regard to the more delicate categories (see Table 4), the chisquare test yields no significant differences either. Concur is slightly more frequent in the English texts, due above all to the occurrences of of course (totalling 8), which are sometimes not translated, as may be seen in (29) and its translation (30).

Table 4. Distribution of the Engagement spans by delicate categories in the English and Spanish texts (originals and translations)

      (29)These are among the issues I shall be attempting to address in this book. To ask for definitive answers to such grandiose questions would, of course, be a tall order. (EO_EXP_015)

      (30)Éstas son algunas de las cuestiones que intentaré tratar en este libro. Pedir respuestas definitivas a preguntas tan fundamentales estaría fuera de lugar. (STrans_EXP_015)

      The two subcategories of Disclaim, on the other hand, are more common in the Spanish texts than in the English texts. The difference in Deny is due to the fact that in Spanish the number of negative expressions is sometimes higher: in (31), coordination of two negative clauses is expressed by means of ni (‘nor’), while in English this coordination is often achieved by or, as may be seen in its translation (32):

      (31)For the most part I will try not to advocate particular policies or to advance the agenda of the political left or right. (EO_EXP_020)

      (32)En gran parte intentaré no defender unas políticas concretas ni promover la agenda de la derecha o la izquierda. (STrans_ EXP_020)

      As for Counter, the larger number of occurrences in the Spanish texts uncovers the fact that the Spanish translations sometimes make this meaning explicit, for the sake of clarity, even if it is implicit in the originals. For example, the original fragment cited in (33) has no explicit Counter device; however, pero (‘but’) is included in the translation (34).

      (33)The Earth is a place. It is by no means the only place. (EO_ EXP_002)

      (34)La Tierra es un lugar, pero no es en absoluto el único lugar. (STrans_EXP_002)

      6.3 COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL ENGLISH AND SPANISH TEXTS

      The distribution of the main Engagement expressions in the original English and Spanish texts is specified in Tables 5 and 6. Both

Table 5. Distribution of the Engagement spans by major categories in the original English and Spanish texts

Table 6. Distribution of the Engagement spans by delicate categories in the original СКАЧАТЬ