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Название: A Companion to Global Gender History

Автор: Группа авторов

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Управление, подбор персонала

Серия:

isbn: 9781119535829

isbn:

СКАЧАТЬ feminist analysis suggests that in order to be profitable, such work actually maintains gender inequality, by keeping wages low and employing workers on short‐term contracts (Pepper, 2012). Employers in garment production, textile factories, and the electronics industry in locations as diverse as the sweatshops of Malaysia and the maquiladoras of Mexico, harbor the same gendered views of men’s and women’s abilities. They view women as desirable workers for their dexterity and alleged ability to withstand monotonous, routinized work. But in addition to their low wages (ten to twenty percent lower than men’s), women are subject to sexual exploitation on the job to a far greater extent than in Western industrialized countries, due to the absence of state controls and labor legislation (Bradshaw and Wallace, 1996). Likewise, the practice of providing small loans (microfinancing) to women in India, Bangladesh, and African countries, touted as a road to economic independence, has been subject to intense debate since it often creates indebtedness. In some cases, it so rapidly disrupts traditional gender norms that female entrepreneurs have been attacked, even killed, as punishment for their “success” (Yeboah, Arhin, Kumi, and Owusu, 2014).

      In other settings, global labor markets benefit from the migration of desperately poor rural women to work in the sex trade, as in Thailand, where the recruitment of Burmese, Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian women and girls is a product of economic inequality and indebtedness in the region. Although prostitution is indeed one of the oldest occupations, the commercialization and commodification of sex for tourism occurred to an unprecedented extent by the end of the twentieth century (Human Rights Watch, 1993). In these cases, under late capitalism, states either have been facilitators or complicit in maintaining gender exploitation in developing economies. Elsewhere women from Latin America, Haiti, and the Philippines who migrate to the United States constitute a steady labor supply for domestic service and nursing (Chang, 2000; Sasson, 1998).

      Over the centuries, cultural perceptions of sex difference have been critical in shaping the experience of virtually all forms of labor. Indeed, striking continuities in gender divisions and inequalities have developed in extremely diverse parts of the world. Although both women and men have performed economic roles crucial to the survival of their families, communities, and states, men’s access to certain forms of labor has been privileged and protected; women’s opportunities have been far more circumscribed. Even when men and women have labored at the same work, employers have valued women’s labor less than men’s work. Many historians believe that the growing complexity and bureaucratization of societies, the emergence of centralized states, and the expansion of capitalist production together constituted the major factors accounting for the development and persistence of the gender division of labor and resulting gender inequality. But growing structural complexity does not explain all. Gender discourses, religion, and the law, as well as overlapping ideas about race and class, have also been critical in shaping these divisions and in perpetuating unequal relations of power between laboring women and men over much of the world.

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