The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, Volume II (of 2). Darwin Charles

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs, see Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls, see 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases, see P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.

197

'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.

198

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, see Herbert's 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 370.

199

'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 100.

200

Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.

201

See Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: see also an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.

202

'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.

203

'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. See also, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Bœuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.

204

'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.

205

'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.

206

'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.

207

Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.

208

See Colin's 'Traité de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.

209

'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.

210

Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.

211

'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.

212

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.

213

Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.

214

'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.

215

Dec. 1863, p. 484.

216

On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.

217

Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.

218

See a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.

219

For the Norfolk sheep, see Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133. See Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep, see 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.

220

White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, see 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.

221

'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.

222

'Cattle,' p. 202.

223

Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.

224

'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

225

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. See also the Table at the end of volume.

226

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.

227

'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seed see s. 307.

228

'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.

229

The following facts, given by Kölreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gärtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Kölreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties of Verbascum lychnitis often grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Kölreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,' passim) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gärtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Kölreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.

230

'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 366. Gärtner has made a similar observation.

231

Kölreuter first observed this fact. 'Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. See also C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.

232

Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.

233

'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitaceæ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.

234

'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties of Cucurbita pepo.

235

'Mém. Cucurb.,' p. 8.

236

'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.

237

Kölreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen of N. glutinosa in one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that of var. perennis, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gärtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act conjointly on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.

238

Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (Primula vulgaris) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (P. veris, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common СКАЧАТЬ