knowledge with regard to the East and Egypt. The one is the Manuel de l’Histoire Ancienne de l’Orient, by François Lenormand, 3 vols. in 12mo, Paris, 1869; the other, L’Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient, by Maspero, 1 vol. in 8vo, Paris, 1878.
18
Nemnich, Allgemeines polyglotten-Lexicon der Naturgeschichte, 2 vols. in 4to.
19
Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere in ihren Uebergang aus Asien, in 8vo, 3rd edit. 1877.
20
Bretschneider, On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, with Notes on the History of Plants and Geographical Botany from Chinese Sources, in 8vo, 51 pp., with illustrations, Foochoo, without date, but the preface bears the date Dec. 1870. Notes on Some Botanical Questions, in 8vo, 14 pp., 1880.
21
Wilson’s dictionary contains names of plants, but botanists have more confidence in the names indicated by Roxburgh in his Flora Indica (edit. of 1832, 3 vols. in 8vo), and in Piddington’s English Index to the Plants of India, Calcutta, 1832. Scholars find a greater number of words in the texts, but they do not give sufficient proof of the sense of these words. As a rule, we have not in Sanskrit what we have in Hebrew, Greek, and Chinese – a quotation of phrases concerning each word translated into a modern language.
22
The best work on the plant-names in the Old Testament is that of Rosenmüller, Handbuch der biblischen Alterkunde, in 8vo, vol. iv., Leipzig, 1830. A good short work, in French, is La Botanique de la Bible, by Fred. Hamilton, in 8vo, Nice, 1871.
23
Reynier, a Swiss botanist, who had been in Egypt, has given the sense of many plant-names in the Talmud. See his volumes entitled Economie Publique et Rurale des Arabes et des Juifs, in 8vo, 1820; and Economie Publique et Rurale des Egyptiens et des Carthaginois, in 8vo, Lausanne, 1823. The more recent works of Duschak and Löw are not based upon a knowledge of Eastern plants, and are unintelligible to botanists because of names in Syriac and Hebrew characters.
24
Adolphe Pictet, Les Origines des Peuples Indo-Européens, 3 vols, in 8vo, Paris, 1878.
25
A certain number of species whose origin is well known, such as the carrot, sorrel, etc., are mentioned only in the summary at the beginning of the last part, with an indication of the principal facts concerning them.
26
Some species are cultivated sometimes for their roots and sometimes for their leaves or seeds. In other chapters will be found species cultivated sometimes for their leaves (as fodder) or for their seeds, etc. I have classed them according to their commonest use. The alphabetical index refers to the place assigned to each species.
27
See the young state of the plant when the part of the stem below the cotyledons is not yet swelled. Turpin gives a drawing of it in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, series 1, vol xxi. pl. 5.
28
In A. de Candolle, Géogr. Bot. Raisonnée, p. 826.
29
Linnæus, Spec. Plant, p. 935.
30
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 225.
31
Boissier, Fl. Orient, i. p. 400.
32
Buhse, Aufzählung Transcaucasien, p. 30.
33
Hooker, Flora of British India, i. p. 166.
34
Maximowicz, Primitiæ Floræ Amurensis, p. 47.
35
Thunberg, Fl. Jap., p. 263.
36
Franchet and Savatier, Enum. Plant Jap., i. p. 39.
37
Unger, Pflanzen des Alten Ægyptens, p. 51, figs. 24 and 29.
38
In my manuscript dictionary of common names, drawn from the floras of thirty years ago.
39
Roxburgh, Fl. Ind., iii. p. 126.
40
Webb, Phytogr. Canar., p. 83; Iter. Hisp., p. 71; Bentham, Fl. Hong Kong, p. 17; Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind., i. p. 166.
41
Willkomm and Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp., iii. p. 748; Viviani, Flor. Dalmat., iii. p. 104; Boissier, Fl. Orient., i. p. 401.
42
Webb, Phytographia Canariensis, i. p. 83.
43
Webb, Iter. Hispaniense, 1838, p. 72.
44
Carrière, Origine des Plantes Domestiques démontrée par la Culture du Radis Sauvage, in 8vo, 24 pp., 1869.
45
Ledebour, Fl. Ross.; Boissier, Fl. Orient. Works on the flora of the valley of the Amur.
46
A. de Candolle, Géographie Botanique Raisonnée, p. 654.
47
Delalande, Hœdic et Houat, 8vo pamphlet, Nantes, 1850, p. 109.
48
Hardouin, Renou, and Leclerc, Catalogue du Calvados, p. 85; De Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, p. 25.
49
Watson, Cybele, i. p. 159.
50
Babington, Manual of Brit. Bot., 2nd edit., p. 28.
51
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 159.
52
Grisebach, Spicilegium Fl. Rumel., i. p. 265.
53
Fries, Summa, p. 30.
54
Miquel, Disquisitio pl. regn. Batav.
55
Moritzi, Dict. Inéd. des Noms Vulgaires.
56
Moritzi, ibid.; Viviani, Fl. Dalmat., iii. p. 322.
57
Neilreich, Fl. Wien, p. 502.
58
Linnæus, Fl. Suecica, No. 540.
59
H. Davies, Welsh Botanology, p. 63.
60
In turnips and swedes the swelled part is, as in the radish, the lower part of the stem, below the cotyledons, with a more or less persistent part of the root. (See Turpin. Ann. Sc. Natur., ser. 1, vol. xxi.) In the Kohl-rabi (Brassica oleracea caulo-rapa) it is the stem.
61
This classification has been the subject of a paper by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, Transactions of the Horticultural Society, vol. v.
62
Fries, Summa Veget. Scand., i. p. 29.
63
Ledebour, Fl. Ross., i. p. 216.
64
Boissier, Flora Orientalis; Sir J. Hooker, Flora of British India; Thunberg, Flora Japonica; Franchet and Savatier, Enumeratio Plantarum Japonicarum.
