Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust. John-Paul Himka

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СКАЧАТЬ Headland, Messages of Murder.

19 DALO, fond R12, op. 1.

20 For more context on this, see Himka, “Legislating Historical Truth.”

21 USHMM, Acc. 1995.A.1086, RG-31.001M.

22 I am grateful to David Alan Rich for sharing a copy of the militia files with me.

23 There are also regional SBU archives that I have not consulted, but the younger generation of Ukrainian historians (e.g., Marta Havryshko, Roman Shliakhtych, and Andrii Usach) has been making good use of them in their publications.

24 This problem is fleshed out more fully in Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 54-55.

25 Statiev, The Soviet Counterinsurgency, 247-48. We now have an excellent account of the methods used by the NKVD during the late 1930s in Soviet Ukraine based on NKVD interrogators’ own admissions of “violations of socialist legality”: Viola, Stalinist Perpetrators on Trial. See also a wrenching study of Stalinist interrogations in postwar Poland that was able to explore the issue more from prisoners’ perspectives: Chodakiewicz, “The Dialectics of Pain.”

26 This comes out very clearly in Viola, Stalinist Perpetrators on Trial.

27 Bohunov, Mytropolyt Andrei Sheptyts’kyi.

28 Dumitru, “Analysis.”

29 Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 54-55.

30 Prusin, “‘Fascist Criminals to the Gallows!’” 18.

31 Penter, “Local Collaborators on Trial,” 21. See also Penter, “Collaboration on Trial.”

32 Comments of Tanja Penter in Coleman, “Roundtable,” 235-37.

33 This is the same period in which the Soviets published the English-language tracts that appeared under the name Valerii Styrkul. See above, 42.

34 Himka, “‘Skazhite, mnogo liudei vy rasstreliali?’”

35 Sorokina, “People and Procedures,” 118, 121.

36 YVA, r.g. M.52, file 245.1 (6412889), frames 86-88; originally from DALO, 3/1/278. Extraordinary Commission documents.

37 Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.

38 The Commission’s investigation of Hrymailiv is found in GARF, fond 7021, opis 75, delo 94, ff. 1-4, 14-34v; USHMM RG-22.002M, reel 17.

39 Justiz und NS-Verbrechen, Lfd. Nr. 698, Lübeck 2 Ks 1/67 (vol. 31 of the printed edition), 483.

40 Solonari, “Patterns of Violence,” 55.

41 Kovba, Liudianist’ u bezodni pekla, 213. A photocopy of the complete testimony is online: https://training.ehri-project.eu/a10-1946-philip-friedman-recalls-pogrom-lviv (accessed 15 January 2019). Kovba gives a different archival location and says the testimony was to the Extraordinary Commission. But the online testimony, which seems to be an identical text, was to the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War. I assume the same testimony was used for both commissions. I want to thank Alexander Melnyk for first turning my attention to this and providing me with information on the Commission for the Study of the History of the Great Patriotic War.

42 Philip Friedman, “The Destruction of the Jews of Lwów,” 246. Friedman, “Ukrainian-Jewish Relations,” 183, 198 n. 24.

43 On the Vinnytsia mass murders, see Paperno, “Exhuming the Bodies of Soviet Terror.”

44 Korzen, “The Extermination of Two Ukrainian Jewish Communities,” 311 (quote). Yad Vashem Studies, which published Bingle’s testimony in 1959, apparently accepted this as good coin. Unfortunately, the publication of the testimony did not specify to which Soviet body the testimony was given.

45 The title of the collection is “Selected Records from Former Archives of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 1919-1937; 1941-1962; and 1965.” USHMM RG-31.026 Acc. 2003.260; the documents are originally from TsDAHO. I would like to thank Vadim Altskan at USHMM for directing me to this collection.

46 For example, in 2017 an aluminum milk can full of well preserved OUN-UPA documents was found in the Yaniv woods near Lviv. The can had been buried in mid-1951. “Vidkopaly arkhiv UPA.” Even more recently, in autumn 2019, OUN-UPA documents from 1945-46 were found in woods near Rohatyn in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast. Prystans’ka, “U lisakh Ivano-Frankivshchyny.”

47 The OUN periodical press is discussed below, 101-02.

48 Cited in Patryliak, Viis’kova diial’nist OUN (B), 322.

49 Translation by Marco Carynnyk. Carynnyk, “Foes of Our Rebirth,” 345 (translation), 346 (photoreproduction of the original document).

50 USHMM RG-06.029.

51 Adamczyk, Ziemie Wschodnie.

52 Cited in Wieviorka, “The Witness in History,” 386.

53 СКАЧАТЬ