The 2002 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ - note: The Dayton Agreement, signed in Paris on 14 December 1995, retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's exterior border and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government. This national government - based on proportional representation similar to that which existed in the former socialist regime - is charged with conducting foreign, economic, and fiscal policy. The Dayton Agreement also recognized a second tier of government, comprised of two entities - a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska (RS) - each presiding over roughly one-half the territory. The Federation and RS governments are charged with overseeing internal functions. The Bosniak/Croat Federation is further divided into 10 cantons. The Dayton Agreement established the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. About 250 international and 450 local staff members are employed by the OHR.

      Economy Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Economy - overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The bitter interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1990 to 1995, unemployment to soar, and human misery to multiply. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000 and 2001. GDP remains far below the 1990 level. Economic data are of limited use because, although both entities issue figures, national-level statistics are limited. Moreover, official data do not capture the large share of activity that occurs on the black market. The marka - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is now pegged to the euro, and the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina has dramatically increased its reserve holdings. Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the communist-era payments bureaus were shut down. The country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance.

      GDP: purchasing power parity - $7 billion (2001 est.)

      GDP - real growth rate: 6% (2001 est.)

      GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2001 est.)

      GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16% industry: 28% services: 56% (1998 est.)

      Population below poverty line: NA%

      Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (2001 est.)

      Labor force: 1.026 million

      Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

      Unemployment rate: 40% (2001 est.)

      Budget: revenues: $1.9 billion expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)

      Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining

      Industrial production growth rate: 9% (2001 est.)

      Electricity - production: 2.615 billion kWh (2000)

      Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 37.67% hydro: 62.33% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%

      Electricity - consumption: 2.577 billion kWh (2000)

      Electricity - exports: 205 million kWh (2000)

      Electricity - imports: 350 million kWh (2000)

      Agriculture - products: wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

      Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

      Exports - commodities: miscellaneous manufactures, crude materials

      Exports - partners: Croatia, Switzerland, Italy, Germany

      Imports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)

      Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, industrial products, foodstuffs

      Imports - partners: Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Italy

      Debt - external: $2.8 billion (2001)

      Economic aid - recipient: $650 million (2001 est.)

      Currency: marka (BAM)

      Currency code: BAM

      Exchange rates: marka per US dollar - 2.161 (October 2001), 2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997)

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Communications Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Telephones - main lines in use: 303,000 (1997)

      Telephones - mobile cellular: 9,000 (1997)

      Telephone system: general assessment: telephone and telegraph network

       needs modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average

       as contrasted with

       NA international:

       Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)

      Radios: 940,000 (1997)

      Television broadcast stations: 33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)

      Televisions: NA

      Internet country code: .ba

      Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 3 (2000)

      Internet users: 3,500 (2000)

      Transportation Bosnia and Herzegovina

      Railways: total: 1,021 km (795 km electrified; operating as diesel or steam until grids are repaired) standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge; note - many segments still need repair and/or reconstruction because of war damage (2000 est.)

      Highways: total: 21,846 km paved: 14,020 km note: road system is in need of maintenance and repair (2001) unpaved: 7,826 km

      Waterways: NA km; large sections of the Sava blocked by downed bridges, silt, and debris

      Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)

      Ports and harbors: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje

      Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)

      Airports: 27 (2001)

      Airports - with paved runways: total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2001)

СКАЧАТЬ