The Principles of Moral and Christian Philosophy. George Turnbull

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      A certain poet,¹⁴ who is universally confessed to have shewn a most extraordinary genius for descriptive poetry in some of his works, and in all of them a heart deeply impregnated with the warmest love of virtue and mankind, if he chances to cast his eye on this Preface, as his friendship to me will naturally induce him to do upon<xiii> whatever bears my name, I desire he would consider this, as a call upon him from one who highly esteems and sincerely loves him, to set about a work so greatly wanting, and which must gain him immortal honour, by doing vast service to the cause he has most sincerely at heart.

      And what is susceptible of poetical charms, if the beautiful order, and the immense magnificence of nature in all her works be not? There is a person of very uncommon abilities, and equal virtue, from whom, in frequent conversations upon this subject, I have had many very useful hints, but I am not at liberty to name him:¹⁵ Let me, however, assure him of my warm sense and high value of a friendship so useful to me on many occasions. Let me just add, that tho’ this enquiry hath not been very long by me in the shape it now appears, yet it is (a few things taken from late writers excepted) the substance of several pneumatological discourses, (as they are called in the school language) read above a dozen years ago to students of Moral Philosophy,¹⁶ by way of preparative to a course of lectures, on the rights and duties of mankind; at which time were published two Theses, in the University way, indicating the importance of this philosophy; one upon the connexion between natural and moral philosophy; and the other, upon the manifest evidences and signs of wisdom and good order appearing in the moral as well as the natural world.¹⁷

      The Corolaries subjoined to the last part (in which I hope the Reader will excuse some repetitions hardly avoidable, since it will appear, that upon the whole I have taken no small pains to diversify things I was often of necessity obliged to repeat) well deserve the attention of all who are seriously concerned about the improvement of true<xiv> philosophy, and right education. To some part of the work carved out in them, shall my studies ever be devoted, in proportion as providence gives me health, leisure and opportunity for carrying them on to advantage. Many who have great abilties for such employments, ’tis to be regreted, are not in the easy circumstances necessary to the pursuit of such serious, profound enquiries. But are there not several, who have both abilities and excellent opportunities, and whose profession loudly calls upon them indefatigably to dedicate themselves to the service of virtue and religion; who wholly neglect these noble ends? Let me therefore address such, together with those, who suitably to their character, very earnestly employ their time, their talents, and all the advantages providence affords them, in recommending and promoting truth, piety, or useful learning, in the words of Cicero, who was ever engaged, either in useful action, or in teaching virtue and true philosophy. Quod enim munus reip. afferre, majus, meliusve possumus, quam si docemus atque erudimus juventutem? His praesertim moribus atque temporibus: quibus ita prolapsa est, ut omnium opibus refrenanda, ac coercenda sit.¹⁸<xv>

       PART I

      Human Nature and the ways of GOD to man vindicated, by delineating the general laws to which the principal phenomena in the human system are reducible, and shewing them to be wise and good.

      — Nam sic habetote nullo in genere disputandi magis honeste patefieri, quid sit homini tributum natura, quantamvim rerum optimarum mens humana contineat; cujus muneris colendi, efficiendique causa nati, & in lucem editi simus, quae sit conjunctio hominum, quae naturalis societas inter ipsos. His enim explicatis fons legum & juris inveniri potest.

      M. T. Cicero de leg. l. 1.¹⁹

       Remember man, the universal cause,

       Acts not by partial but by gen’ral laws;

       And makes what happiness we justly call,

       Subsist, not in the good of one, but all.

       There’s not a blessing individuals find,

       But some way leans and hearken to the kind.

      Essay on man, Ep. 4.²⁰

      THE CONTENTS

       Digested into a Regular Summary.

PART I Introduction.

      Tho’ natural philosophy be distinguished from moral philosophy, yet every enquiry into any part of nature is an enquiry into fact: an enquiry concerning the human mind, its powers, and affections, and their operations, is as much an enquiry into fact, as an enquiry concerning the texture of the human body.

      Natural philosophy is an enquiry into the general laws, according to which all the appearances in the material or sensible world are produced: and into the fitness or goodness of these laws.

       It proceeds upon these few following fundamental principles.

      I. That the corporeal world cannot be an orderly, regular system, nor by consequence the object of science and imitation, unless it be governed by general laws.

      II. Those are justly concluded to be general laws in the material world, which are observed to prevail and operate uniformly in it; and regularly to produce like appearances.

      III. Those general laws of the material world are good general laws, which by their steady, uniform operation, produce its good, beauty and perfection in the whole.

      Corolary I. No effects of such laws are absolutely evil.

      II. Such effects as are reduced to general laws, are accounted for physically.

      III. They are also accounted for morally, if the laws be shewn to be good.

      IV. Natural philosophy, when it proceeds so far as to account morally for appearances in the material world, coincides with moral philosophy.

      When it does not proceed so far, it falls short of its principal use.

      Moral philosophy is an enquiry into the texture and oeconomy of the human mind, its powers, and affections, and the laws according to which these operate or are operated upon: and into the fitness, and goodness of these powers, and affections, and their laws.

      It must presuppose and proceed upon the same fundamental principles as natural philosophy.

      Indeed those principles which have been mentioned as the fundamental principles, or the basis of natural philosophy, are in their nature universal truths or principles.

      And therefore of every system, material or moral, it must be true.

      I. That unless it be constituted and governed by general laws, it cannot be regular: and consequently it must be absolutely unintelligible.

      II. Those must be received as general laws in a moral as well as a material system, which are found by experience to operate uniformly or invariably in it.

      III. Those are good general laws in a system, moral as well as material, which are conducive by their general operation to the greater good of that system.

      Corolary I. No effects of such laws are absolutely evil, but good.

      II. Those effects are accounted for СКАЧАТЬ