Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems. Mariana Hentea
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Название: Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems
Автор: Mariana Hentea
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Физика
isbn: 9781119070436
isbn:
Also, information systems include specialized systems such as industrial/process control systems, telephone switching and private branch exchange (PBX) systems, and environmental control systems [CNSSI 4009].
Process control systems, SCADA systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations including skid‐mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) are often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. These are also known under a general term, industrial control system (ICS) [NIST SP800‐82r2]. SCADA systems and DCS monitor the flow of electricity from generators through transmission and distribution lines. These electronic systems enable efficient operation and management of electric systems through the use of automated data collection and equipment control. A related term is industrial control network, which is a system of interconnected equipment used to monitor and control physical equipment in industrial environments [Galloway 2012].
Industrial control system is a generalized term referring to a system of electronic components that control the physical operations of machines. Automated or operator‐entered commands can be issued to machines, either locally in‐plant or remote station control devices, often referred to as field devices. The machines may transmit sensor data back to the controller for monitoring and automated operational functions. ICSs are typically used to operate the infrastructure in industries such as electrical, water, oil and gas, discrete manufacturing, and chemical including experimental and research facilities such as nuclear fusion laboratories. The reliable operation of modern infrastructures including Smart Grid depends on computerized systems and SCADA systems.
1.5.2 Information Systems in Power Grids
The power grid transmits and distributes electrical power generated from primary fossil or renewable energy resources, such as coal or wind. Computers and networks manage, monitor, protect, and control the continuous real‐time delivery of electrical power. Figure 1.18 depicts a view of key characteristics of Smart Grid compared with traditional power grid.
Figure 1.18 Smart Grid characteristics vs. traditional power system.
Source: [Bartz/Stockmar]. Licensed under CC BY‐SA 4.0.
A Smart Grid system may include IT, which is a discrete system of electronic information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of information. A Smart Grid system may also consist of operational technologies (OT) or ICS, which comprise several types of operational and control systems, including SCADA systems, DCS, and other control system configurations such as skid‐mounted PLC that are often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures [NISTIR 7628r1].
The Smart Grid has great potential for driving innovation in the ways electricity is produced, managed, and consumed. As described in [OECD 2012b], applications of ICTs and especially the opportunities provided by the Internet can help sustain electricity supply while limiting environmental impacts. In a Smart Grid, ICTs estimate the operational state with the vision of surviving a cyber incident while sustaining critical energy delivery functions and optimized power flow for economic and efficient generation dispatch. ICTs are seen as promoting a wider integration of renewable energy sources, promoting low‐carbon transport options including EVs, and inducting structural shifts in electricity consumption [OECD 2012d].
The Smart Grid is a particular application area expected to help tackle a number of structural challenges that global energy supply and demand are facing. Technologies and the use of data enable improved and more accurate information about the availability, price, and environmental impacts of energy, thereby empowering producers and consumers to make more informed energy conservation choices.
The Internet especially gives rise to a new generation of businesses providing services around electricity, adding further value and innovation to the energy sector value chain. The transition to a modern grid requires the adoption of advanced technologies, such as smart meters, automated feeder switches, fiber‐optic and wireless networks, storage, and other new hardware. These devices require a new communication and control layer to manage a changing mix of supply resources and provide new services.
Figure 1.19 shows a simplified view of the energy sector value chain. However, information gaps may affect the Smart Grid outcomes.
Figure 1.19 Stylized electricity sector value chain.
Source: [OECD 2012b]. © 2012, OECD.
Figure 1.20 depicts an overview of the ICTs for different domains (generation, transmission, distribution, customer) and customer areas (industrial, building, residential).
Figure 1.20 ICT application domains in the Smart Grid.
Source: [OECD 2012b]. © 2012, OECD.
ICTs and Internet applications are essential to modernization of the electric power grid in every domain. A summary of electricity challenges and ICTs addressing these challenges is shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Electricity sector challenges and potential ICT applications.
Source: [OECD 2012b]. © 2012, OECD.
| Electricity sector challenges | ICT applications |
| Generation | |
| Renewable energy generation | Smart meters Vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) and grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) |
| Distributed, small‐scale electricity generation | Virtual power plants Vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) and grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) Smart meters |
| Transport (transmission and distribution) | |
| Transmission and distribution grid management |
Sensor‐based networks Embedded systems and software Integrated software systems and application programming interfaces (APIs) Smart meters Communication protocols,
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