Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ Risk treatment

      Source: From Lyon et al. (1). © 2019.

      A review of Table 2 reveals that there are strong correlations between system safety and PtD concepts. The concepts of risk avoidance and reduction through assessment, treatment, and design into system elements are fundamental to both system safety and PtD.

5 Z590.3 PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN

      The ANSI/ASSP Z590.3‐2011(R2016) (11) standard defines PtD as “addressing OSH needs in the design and redesign process to prevent or minimize the work‐related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, retrofitting, and disposal of facilities, processes, materials, and equipment” (ANSI/ASSE Z590.3‐2011(R2016)). ANSI Z590.3's stated goals are to (i) achieve acceptable risk levels, (ii) prevent or reduce risks that produce injuries and illnesses, and (iii) reduce the need for retrofitting to control risks not addressed in the design phase. Its concepts can be applied in any setting and throughout the life cycle of a system's life. The four major stages identified in Z590.3 are as follows:

      1 Pre‐operational. The initial stage including conceptual design, initial planning, design, specification, prototyping, construction, and installation which offer the designers the greatest degree of control and lowest costs.

      2 Operational. The primary stage of the life cycle including production, maintenance, service or repair, redesign, modification, and addition of a system. Hazards and risks are identified, assessed, and treated with work method changes or retrofitting of physical elements to the system through redesign initiatives.

      3 Post‐incident. A reactionary stage following incidents such as injuries, illnesses, fatalities, property damage, equipment failure, product failure, near‐hits, or noninjury incidents, and other unwanted events. Investigations and analyses of causal factors are used to determine appropriate interventions to reduce recurrence or control similar exposures to an acceptable risk level.

      4 Post‐operational. The final stage or end of life, decommission, reuse, demolition, and/or disposal of a system. Hazards and risks are identified/anticipated, assessed, and treated with control measures taken through redesign initiatives or work method changes before incidents occur.

      5.1 Policy and Responsibilities

      ANSI Z590.3 emphasizes the need for establishing policy and assigning roles and responsibilities for carrying out PtD efforts. A defined policy and process should be implemented to incorporate PtD in the design phase and throughout the life cycle. Policies should be designed to include the following:

       Anticipating, identifying, and assessing systems to avoid, eliminate, or reduce hazards and risks.

       A structured hazard analysis and risk assessment process to address identified hazards.

       Risk reduction using the hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels.

       Risk assessors knowledgeable, skilled, and close to the hazards and risks.

       A monitoring process for effectiveness and continual improvement.

       A recording and reporting system to document results during design reviews, risk assessments, and treatment.

      Organizations should define responsibilities to address opportunities to prevent or reduce risk when new risks are introduced, or changes occur. Such risk assessment triggers include (i) the planning, purchase, and installation of new facilities, processes, equipment, technologies, and materials; (ii) the modification of or addition to existing facilities, processes, equipment, technologies, or materials; (iii) following incidents and unwanted events to investigation, assess, and select corrective actions; and (iv) the demolition, decommissioning, or repurposing of systems.

      An organization's acceptable risk levels and its goal to achieve an acceptable level of risk (ALOR) in their designs and workplaces must be clearly defined and communicated to stakeholders. Achieving and maintaining an ALOR should be the basis for an organization's OSH goals and objectives. Organizations should set “acceptable risk targets” to assist in selection of risk control alternatives for hazards that cannot be completely eliminated.

      Policies and procedures should enable the design process to incorporate appropriate input from designers, engineers, OSH, procurement, quality, legal, risk management, maintenance, and operations. Skilled and experienced risk assessors, design safety specifications, risk‐based decision‐making, and communications should be utilized in the design process.

      5.2 Suppliers and Third Parties

      Z590.3 includes measures for suppliers, contractors, and vendors involved in designs, new equipment, construction, and changes in processes, materials, or technology. Nonroutine activities involving contractors and other third‐party stakeholders can result in catastrophic incidents if not properly managed. Z590.3 requirements addressing these concerns include the following:

       communication and agreement on safety expectations with third‐party suppliers, engineers, and contractors;

       written specifications for safety and health performance in procurement documents, purchase orders and contracts;

       assessing risk to achieve an ALOR;

       test protocols and inspections of facilities, products, equipment and materials as part of formal acceptance, and/or commissioning;

       reviews of suppliers to verify safety specifications prior to purchase and delivery; and

       procedures for ongoing testing and maintenance of systems.

      5.3 Design Safety Reviews

      The process of reviewing, anticipating, identifying, assessing, and controlling risks in the design phase is sometimes referred to as design safety review. Z590.3 provides guidance on integrating this important tool into the design process. Some of the elements required by the standards include:

       A designated lead person in the design safety review process.

       A designated design review team of qualified and affected individuals.

       Guidelines of performing design safety reviews and the methods used.

       Safety requirements and specifications to be incorporated into designs.

       Accountability of designers for adhering to established safety specifications in the design.

       A management procedure for reviewing, approving, and documenting deviations as meeting an ALOR.

       Certification verifying that the design safety review has been completed and signed by the lead design professional.

      The standard also includes a summary of the design safety review process in Addendum E.

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