Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition. Группа авторов
Чтение книги онлайн.
Читать онлайн книгу Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition - Группа авторов страница 35
Название: Patty's Industrial Hygiene, Hazard Recognition
Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Химия
isbn: 9781119816188
isbn:
Returning to the first of the key policy advances for PtD, in 2011, the first U.S. standard to address the need for incorporating safety into design was published – ANSI/ASSP Z590.3‐2011 PtD – Guidelines for Addressing Occupational Hazards and Risks in Design and Redesign Processes standard. ANSI/ASSP Z590.3‐2011 (R2016), or the PtD standard as it is sometimes called, provides guidance for assessing and treating risk throughout the life cycle of a system. Z590.3 provides an operational risk management model that balances environmental, safety, and health goals over the life span of a system as shown in Figure 1.
Workplace systems, facilities, equipment, and products all have a defined life cycle in which risks may change. As shown in Figure 2, these phases, changes, and events of a system's life cycle represent “triggers” for identifying, assessing, and treating risks to achieve and maintain acceptable risk.
As stated in Z590.3, an important goal of the standard is to educate designers, manufacturers, OSH professionals, business leaders, and workers in PtD principles and encourage their application in design and redesign efforts.
An important concept in PtD is the “avoidance” of risk in designs. The ANSI Z590.3 PtD hierarchy of controls model, shown in Figure 3, promotes the use of higher‐level controls – avoidance, elimination, substitution, and engineering – in the design and redesign phases. These higher‐level controls are considered the most effective in reducing risk and more economical than lower‐level controls such as administrative and personal protective equipment (PPE). This concept is logical, however, in practice, few organizations have fully taken advantage of pre‐operational risk management or PtD. More efforts and research are needed to further the practice of PtD.
FIGURE 1 Life‐cycle process reprinted with permission from ANSI/ASSP Z590.3‐2011(R2016).
Source: From ANSI/ASSP (11). © 2016.
FIGURE 2 Prevention through design during system's lifecycle (8).
Source: From Lyon and Popov (8) © 2018.
FIGURE 3 ANSI Z590.3‐2011 (R2016) prevention through design risk reduction hierarchy of controls model reprinted with permission.
Source: From ANSI/ASSP (11) © 2016.
The objective of operational risk management is to implement appropriate risk reduction plans to reduce risks associated with each decision made to achieve an acceptable risk level. OSH professionals should be able to effectively lead risk assessments, develop appropriate risk reduction strategies, and advise decision‐makers in making appropriate decisions. Risk treatments (i.e. risk controls) are designed to reduce the risk of a hazard's effects and/or reduce the likelihood of its occurrence. A risk treatment plan should include options and alternatives that eliminate the hazard or reduce its risk. To provide OSH professionals a broader range of risk reduction strategies that include “inherently safer design” concepts, the authors have proposed a Hierarchy of Risk Treatment (HoRT) Strategies Hierarchy model illustrated in Figure 4 (9).
The HoRT model includes 10 risk treatment strategies divided into three categories: (i) design, (ii) engineering, and (iii) administrative controls. Of the three categories, design risk treatments are the only measures that are long lasting and resistant to degradation. Hazards that are avoided, eliminated, or reduced through substitution will not change unless the design changes. Engineering and administrative controls are less resilient, effective, or reliable. Engineering controls can be circumvented, degrade over time, and require periodic inspection, testing, service, and repair. The least effective group of controls are administrative measures. Variations in application, quality, and management as well as human error make such measures a less effective and less reliable option (9). Brief descriptions and examples for each risk treatment strategy are presented in Table 1.
FIGURE 4 Hierarchy of risk treatment (HoRT) (9).
Source: From Lyon and Popov (9). © 2019 American Society of Safety Engineers.
Table 1 Brief descriptions and examples for risk treatment strategies.
| Strategy | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Avoid | New hazards/risks are intentionally avoided in new designs, and redesigns, additions, and modifications to existing systems and workplaces | New facility avoids falls from heights by designing all working and walking surfaces at the same level |
| Eliminate | Existing hazards/risks are eliminated or removed from systems/workplaces through redesign | A hazardous chemical process is eliminated from the workplace by redesign of the process or removed from the workplace and isolated away from workers |
| Substitute | New or existing hazards/risks are intentionally substituted and replaced with less hazardous materials that meet the needs of the system/workplace | A highly hazardous chemical such as pure sulfur dioxide is replaced with a less hazardous chemical such as potassium meta‐bisulfite |
| Minimize | The amount or quantity of a particular hazard is minimized to a level that presents a lower severity risk | The size and weight of materials are minimized to a level that can be handled easily by workers; the smallest quantity of hazardous materials feasible for the process are used; lower voltage or energy required in system; or reduced operating temperatures and pressures |
| Simplify | The likelihood of error or occurrence is reduced through simplifying the systems/workplace processes and controls | Reduce unnecessary complexity in controls and displays; reduce the number of steps to complete a critical task; incorporate human factors engineering design into systems to reduce human error potential |
| Engineer with passive controls | Hazards are controlled and/or contained by passive engineering controls that protect/function without activation |
Containment dike around a hazardous material storage tank; fixed/permanent guard on a machine; hard/fixed
СКАЧАТЬ
|