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СКАЧАТЬ apparently brought inflation under control - consumer prices increased by 23% in 1995 compared to more than 1,000% in 1994. At the same time, GDP growth slowed from 5.7% to 4.2% as credit was tightened and the steadily appreciating real encouraged imports while depressing export growth. The increased stability of the Brazilian economy allowed it to weather the fallout from the Mexican peso crisis relatively well, with foreign funds flowing in during the second half of 1995 to swell official foreign exchange reserves past the $50 billion mark. Stock market indices in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, however, ended 26% lower in 1995. President CARDOSO remains committed to further reducing inflation in 1996 while boosting growth, but he faces key challenges. Servicing domestic debt has become dramatically more burdensome for both public and private sector entities because of very high real interest rates which are contributing to growing budget deficits and a surge in bankruptcies. Fiscal reforms, many of which require constitutional amendments, are proceeding at a slow pace through the Brazilian legislature; in their absence, the government is maintaining its strict monetary policy. Brazil's natural resources remain a major, long-run economic strength.

      GDP: purchasing power parity - $976.8 billion (1995 est.)

      GDP real growth rate: 4.2% (1995)

      GDP per capita: $6,100 (1995 est.)

      GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 16% industry: 25% services: 59% (1994)

      Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (1995)

      Labor force: 57 million (1989 est.) by occupation: services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27%

      Unemployment rate: 5% (1995 est.)

      Budget:

       revenues: $58.7 billion

       expenditures: $54.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA

       (1994)

      Industries: textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

      Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (1995 est.)

      Electricity: capacity: 55,130,000 kW production: 241.4 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,589 kWh (1993)

      Agriculture: coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

      Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, coca cultivation in the Amazon region has diminished in recent years because of its low alkaloid content, mostly for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian cocaine headed for the US and Europe

      Exports: $46.5 billion (f.o.b., 1995)

       commodities: iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee,

       motor vehicle parts

       partners: EU 27.6%, Latin America 21.8%, US 17.4%, Japan 6.3% (1993)

      Imports: $49.7 billion (f.o.b., 1995)

       commodities: crude oil, capital goods, chemical products,

       foodstuffs, coal

       partners: US 23.3%, EU 22.5%, Middle East 13.0%, Latin America

       11.8%, Japan 6.5% (1993)

      External debt: $94 billion (1995 est.)

      Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $107 million (1993)

      Currency: 1 real (R$) = 100 centavos

      Exchange rates: R$ per US$1 - 0.975 (January 1996), 0.918 (1995),

       0.639 (1994); CR$ per US$1 - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993),

       4.513 (1992), 0.407 (1991)

       note: on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real (CR$), equal to 1,000

       cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real (R$) was

       introduced on 1 July 1994, equal to 2,750 cruzeiro reals

      Fiscal year: calendar year

      Transportation———————

      Railways:

       total: 27,418 km (1,750 km electrified)

       broad gauge: 5,730 km 1.600-m gauge

       standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge

       narrow gauge: 20,958 km 1.000-m gauge; 13 km 0.760-m gauge

       dual gauge: 523 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges

      Highways: total: 1,661,850 km paved: 142,919 km unpaved: 1,518,931 km (1992 est.)

      Waterways: 50,000 km navigable

      Pipelines: crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km;

       natural gas 1,095 km

      Ports: Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua,

       Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos,

       Vitoria

      Merchant marine:

       total: 207 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,108,543

       GRT/8,477,760 DWT

       ships by type: bulk 48, cargo 29, chemical tanker 11, combination

       ore/oil 12, container 14, liquefied gas tanker 11, multifunction

       large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 64, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated

       cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11 (1995 est.)

      Airports:

       total: 2,950

       with paved runways over 3 047 m: 5

       with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 19

       with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 122

       with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 295

       with paved runways under 914 m: 1,298

       with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 66

       with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1,145 (1995 est.)

      Communications———————

      Telephones: 14,426,673 (1992 est.)

      Telephone system: good working system domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region East)

      Radio broadcast stations: AM 1,223, FM 0, shortwave 151

      Radios: 60 million (1993 est.)

      Television СКАЧАТЬ