The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ DWT

       ships by type: bulk 29, cargo 3, chemical tanker 4, container 4,

       liquefied gas tanker 4, oil tanker 8, passenger 1, roll-on/roll-off

       cargo 4 (1998 est.)

      Airports: 408 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with paved runways: total: 262 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 112 914 to 1,523 m: 120 under 914 m: 8 (1998 est.)

      Airports—with unpaved runways: total: 146 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 114 under 914 m: 13 (1998 est.)

      Military

      Military branches: Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal

       Australian Air Force

      Military manpower—military age: 17 years of age

      Military manpower—availability:

       males age 15–49: 4,882,693 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—fit for military service:

       males age 15–49: 4,212,272 (1999 est.)

      Military manpower—reaching military age annually:

       males: 130,570 (1999 est.)

      Military expenditures—dollar figure: $6.9 billion (FY97/98)

      Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 1.9% (FY97/98)

      Transnational Issues

      Disputes—international: territorial claim in Antarctica

       (Australian Antarctic Territory)

      Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

      ======================================================================

      @Austria———

      Introduction

      Background: Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. After the annexation to Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allied powers, Austria's 1955 State Treaty declared the country "permanently neutral" as a condition of the Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet collapse relieved the external pressure to remain unaligned, but neutrality had evolved into a part of Austrian cultural identity, which has led to an ongoing public debate over whether Vienna legitimately can remain outside of European security structures. A wealthy country, Austria joined the European Union in 1995 and, like many EU members, is adjusting to the new European currency and struggling with high unemployment.

      Geography

      Location: Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

      Geographic coordinates: 47 20 N, 13 20 E

      Map references: Europe

      Area:

       total: 83,858 sq km

       land: 82,738 sq km

       water: 1,120 sq km

      Area—comparative: slightly smaller than Maine

      Land boundaries:

       total: 2,562 km

       border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366

       km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330

       km, Switzerland 164 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers

      Terrain: in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

      Elevation extremes: lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m highest point: Grossglockner 3,797 m

      Natural resources: iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal,

       lignite, copper, hydropower

      Land use:

       arable land: 17%

       permanent crops: 1%

       permanent pastures: 23%

       forests and woodland: 39%

       other: 20% (1996 est.)

      Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: NA

      Environment—current issues: some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

      Environment—international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air

       Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

       Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

       Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

       Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

       Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

       signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

       Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto

       Protocol

      Geography—note: landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

      People

      Population: 8,139,299 (July 1999 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 17% (male 702,261; female 666,310)

       15–64 years: 68% (male 2,792,484; female 2,713,397)

       65 years and over: 15% (male 478,071; female 786,776) (1999 est.)

      Population growth rate: 0.09% (1999 СКАЧАТЬ