The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km,

       Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea

       1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia

       4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605

       km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

      Coastline: 14,500 km

      Maritime claims:

       contiguous zone: 24 nm

       continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

       territorial sea: 12 nm

      Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in

       north

      Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west;

       plains, deltas, and hills in east

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Turpan Pendi −154 m

       highest point: Mount Everest 8,848 m

      Natural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

      Land use:

       arable land: 10%

       permanent crops: 0%

       permanent pastures: 43%

       forests and woodland: 14%

       other: 33% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 498,720 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts

      Environment—current issues: air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from reliance on coal, produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered species

      Environment—international agreements:

       party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,

       Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

       Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

       Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

       Wetlands, Whaling

       signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear

       Test Ban

      Geography—note: world's fourth-largest country (after Russia,

       Canada, and US)

      People

      Population: 1,246,871,951 (July 1999 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 26% (male 169,206,275; female 149,115,216)

       15–64 years: 68% (male 435,047,915; female 408,663,265)

       65 years and over: 6% (male 39,824,361; female 45,014,919) (1999

       est.)

      Population growth rate: 0.77% (1999 est.)

      Birth rate: 15.1 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Death rate: 6.98 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Net migration rate: −0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.15 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

       total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 43.31 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.92 years male: 68.57 years female: 71.48 years (1999 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1999 est.)

      Nationality:

       noun: Chinese (singular and plural)

       adjective: Chinese

      Ethnic groups: Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,

       Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities

       8.1%

      Religions: Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1%

       (est.)

       note: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic

      Languages: Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the

       Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei

       (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects,

       minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry)

      Literacy:

       definition: age 15 and over can read and write

       total population: 81.5%

       male: 89.9%

       female: 72.7% (1995 est.)

      Government

      Country name:

       conventional long form: People's Republic of China

       conventional short form: China

       local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo

       local short form: Zhong Guo

       abbreviation: PRC

      Data code: CH

      Government type: Communist state

      Capital: Beijing

      Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and

       plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4

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