The 1997 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ perspective: After enduring decades of civil warfare among ethnic groups as well as invasions by Libya, Chad got started toward a more stable state with the seizure of the government in early December 1990 by former northern guerrilla leader Idress DEBY. His transitional government eventually suppressed armed rebellion in all quarters of the country, settled the territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, produced a democratic constitution which was ratified by popular referendum in March 1996, held multiparty national presidential elections in June and July 1996 (DEBY won with 67% of the vote), and held multiparty elections to the National Assembly in January and February 1997, in which Idress DEBY's party, Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS, won a majority of the seats.

      @Chad:Geography

      Location: Central Africa, south of Libya

      Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 19 00 E

      Map references: Africa

      Area: total: 1.284 million sq km land: 1,259,200 sq km water: 24,800 sq km

      Area - comparative: slightly more than three times the size of

       California

      Land boundaries: total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

      Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

      Climate: tropical in south, desert in north

      Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

      Elevation extremes: lowest point : Djourab Depression 175 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

      Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)

      Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops : 0% permanent pastures: 36% forests and woodland: 26% other: 35% (1993 est.)

      Irrigated land: 140 sq km (1993 est.)

      Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

      Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

      Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

      Geography - note: landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

      @Chad:People

      Population: 7,166,023 (July 1997 est.)

      Age structure: 0–14 years: 44% (male 1,586,873; female 1,579,086) 15–64 years: 53% (male 1,854,645; female 1,931,519) 65 years and over: 3% (male 94,516; female 119,384) (July 1997 est.)

      Population growth rate: 2.67% (1997 est.)

      Birth rate: 43.85 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Death rate: 17.15 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)

      Sex ratio: at birth : 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

      Infant mortality rate: 118.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.88 years male: 45.49 years female: 50.37 years (1997 est.)

      Total fertility rate: 5.79 children born/woman (1997 est.)

      Nationality: noun : Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian

      Ethnic groups: Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko,

       Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba), non-Muslims (Sara,

       Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa), nonindigenous

       150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

      Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25%

      Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects

      Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write in French or Arabic total population: 48.1% male : 62.1% female: 34.7% (1995 est.)

      @Chad:Government

      Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Chad conventional short form: Chad local long form : Republique du Tchad local short form: Tchad

      Data code: CD

      Government type: republic

      National capital: N'Djamena

      Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular -

       prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi,

       Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi,

       Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile

      Independence: 11 August 1960 (from France)

      National holiday: Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

      Constitution: 31 March 1995, passed by referendum

      Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

      Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

      Executive branch: chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) head of government : Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA (since 9 April 1995); appointed by the president cabinet: Council of State appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: the constitution provides for the election of a president by direct popular vote to serve a term of five years; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 2 June and 11 July 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); the prime minister is appointed by the president election results: in the first round of voting none of the 15 candidates received the required 50% of the total vote; percent of vote, first round - Lt. Gen. Idress DEBY 47.8 %; percent of vote, second round - Lt. Gen. DEBY 69.1%, Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE 30.9%; President DEBY reappointed Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA

      Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the Conseil Superieur de Transition elections: National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23 February 1997, (next to be held NA 2001); in the first round of voting on 5 January 1997 some candidates won СКАЧАТЬ