The 2003 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over

       the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires

       including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. It was

       incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian

       leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Muslim

       Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated

       region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow.

       Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the

       struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from

       the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold,

       Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a

       significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both

       sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress

       toward a peaceful resolution.

      Geography Armenia

      Location:

       Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

      Geographic coordinates:

       40 00 N, 45 00 E

      Map references:

       Asia

      Area:

       total: 29,800 sq km

       water: 1,400 sq km

       land: 28,400 sq km

      Area - comparative:

       slightly smaller than Maryland

      Land boundaries:

       total: 1,254 km

       border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan

       exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

      Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

       none (landlocked)

      Climate:

       highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

      Terrain:

       Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing

       rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

      Elevation extremes:

       lowest point: Debed River 400 m

       highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

      Natural resources:

       small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

      Land use: arable land: 17.52% permanent crops: 2.3% other: 80.18% (1998 est.)

      Irrigated land:

       2,870 sq km (1998 est.)

      Natural hazards:

       occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

      Environment - current issues:

       soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis

       of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for

       firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the

       draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a

       source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of

       Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a

       seismically active zone

      Environment - international agreements:

       party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

       Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,

       Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

       signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

      Geography - note:

       landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake

       Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

      People Armenia

      Population:

       3,326,448

       note: Armenia's first census since independence was conducted in

       October 2001; official results are not expected until late 2003

       (July 2003 est.)

      Age structure:

       0–14 years: 21.1% (male 356,587; female 346,648)

       15–64 years: 68.3% (male 1,113,241; female 1,158,245)

       65 years and over: 10.6% (male 147,156; female 204,571) (2003 est.)

      Median age:

       total: 32.3 years

       male: 30.6 years

       female: 34.1 years (2002)

      Population growth rate:

       −0.07% (2003 est.)

      Birth rate:

       12.57 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)

      Death rate:

       10.16 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)

      Net migration rate:

       −3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)

      Sex ratio:

       at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

       under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

       15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

       65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

       total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

СКАЧАТЬ