Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 34 (2011), 102–24.18 J. C. Lavater, Von der Physiognomik (Leipzig: Weidmann, 1772), 63. This early work on physiognomy, which has not been translated into English, is distinct from Lavater's more comprehensive treatment of the subject, which appeared in multiple English editions under the title Essays on Physiognomy.19 Alphonse Bertillon, La photographie judiciare avec un appendice sur la classification et l'identification anthropométrique (Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1890), 17.20 Here one could add yet a third level of meaning to the concept, which concerns the grooved or “profile” bicycle tires first patented by Dunlop or Palmer in 1880. In the Sherlock Holmes story “The Adventure of the Priory School,” it is the interpretation of these peculiar treads near the crime scene that sets the detective on the right track toward finding the missing pupil. At one point in the investigation, Holmes remarks: “I am familiar with forty-two different impressions left by tyres.” Quoted from Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Priory School,” in The Return of Sherlock Holmes (New York: A. Wessels, 1907), 119–58, at 136.21 For a screenshot of Match.com's homepage from 1995, see Mia de Graaf, “‘I Was Trying to Find the Right Person to Marry’: Match.com Co-Founder Reveals the Inspiration of Online Dating Site as It Goes Public,” Daily Mail (November 19, 2015): www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3324447/I-trying-right-person-marry-Match-com-founder-reveals-inspiration-online-dating-site-goes-public.html. The quotation of the 1996 advertisement was taken from a web page that is no longer active: kremen.com/wp-content/uploads/fi les/019_WEBSIGHT_0996_MATCH_AD.PDF. For a report about using the site, see Leslie Crawford, “Geek Love,” San Francisco Focus (October, 1996), 20: “You simply post your profile on-line and wait for the on-line love letters.”22 See Eva Illouz, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), 74–114; and Illouz, Why Love Hurts: A Sociological Explanation (Cambridge: Polity, 2012), 198–237.23 See youtube.com/watch?v=MzE2cOqUFWM, at the 2:20 mark.24 Older online communities such as WELL (“Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link”), which was founded in California in 1985, did not make use of the profile format. Members dialed in with a user name and password and could comb through various thematically arranged sites and post comments. See Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 1–24; and Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Steward Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (University of Chicago Press, 2008), 141–74.25 Andrew Weinreich, “Method and Apparatus for Constructing a Networking Database and System,” United States Patent No. US6175831 (1997). The patent can be read online at www.google.com/patents/US6175831.26 See Teresa Riordan, “Idea for Online Networking Brings Two Entrepreneurs Together,” New York Times (December 1, 2003): www.nytimes.com/2003/12/01/technology/technology-media-patents-idea-for-online-networking-brings-two-entrepreneurs.html. Reid Hoffmann, who is still the president of LinkedIn, has remained the owner of this patent ever since.27 Weinreich, “Method and Apparatus for Constructing a Networking Database and System,” n.p.28 The idea first appeared in a short story titled “Chain-Links” by the Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy.29 These works have not been translated into English. Their original German titles are, respectively, Souverän im Vorstellungsgespräch, Erfolgreich im Assessment-Center, and Das große Bewerbungshandbuch.30 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Anschreiben und Lebensläufe für Hochschulabsolventen (Felde am Westensee: Sit-Up Verlag, 1999).31 Among others, the following books have appeared in various editions: Die Bewerbungsmappe mit Profil für Führungskräfte [“The Job-Application Portfolio with a Profile for Executives”], Die Bewerbungsmappe mit Profil für Hochschulabsolventen (mit Insiderkommentaren) [“The Job-Application Portfolio with a Profile for College Graduates (with Insider Commentary)”], Das große Bewerbungshandbuch (mit Püttjer & Schnierda-Profil-Methode) [“The Definitive Job-Application Handbook (with the Püttjer & Schnierda Profile Method)”], 20 perfekte Bewerbungen mit Profil [“Twenty Perfect Job Applications with a Profile”], Die Bewerbungsmappe mit Profil für Um- und Aufsteiger [“The Job-Application Portfolio with a Profile for Those Seeking to Transfer Jobs or Earn a Promotion”], Vorstellungsgespräch: Vorbereiten, überzeugen, gewinnen (mit Pütter & Schnierda-Profil-Methode) [“Interviews: Prepare, Persuade, Succeed (with the Püttjer & Schnierda Profile Method)”].32 Püttjer provided me with this information in a telephone interview conducted on January 26, 2017.33 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 2nd edn. (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2006), 25.34 Christian Püttjer and Uwe Schnierda, Das gelungene Online-Bewerbung (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2001), 85; Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 20.35 Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 25.36 See, for example, Püttjer and Schnierda, Anschreiben und Lebensläufe für Hochschulabsolventen, 79; and Püttjer and Schnierda, Das große Bewerbungshandbuch, 18, 220.37 The term “user profile,” for instance, can be found in demographic analyses as early as the 1970s. See Janpeter Kob et al., Profil der Benutzer öffentlicher Bibliotheken (Berlin: Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1973).38 See, for instance, John Burnett and Alan Bush, “Profiling the Yuppies,” Journal of Advertising Research 26 (1986), 27–35.39 Andreas Wenzlau et al., KundenProfiling: Die Methode zur Neukundenakquise (Erlangen: Publicis, 2003), 17–18 (emphasis original).40 See “Using Information from User Video Game Interactions to Target Advertisements,” United States Patent No. WO 2007041371 A3 (2007). Regarding the implications of this method, see Helmut Martin-Jung, “Verhaltensforschung,” Süddeutsche Zeitung (May 15, 2007), 1. The patent can be viewed online at https://www.google.com/patents/WO2007041371A3?cl=en.41 Petra Wittig, “Die datenschutzrechtliche Problematik der Anfertigung von Persönlichkeitsprofilen,” Recht der Datenverarbeitung 16 (2000), 61–9, at 62. In this passage, Wittig is in part citing the opinion of another lawyer.42 Christoph Schnabel, Datenschutz bei profilbasierten Location Based Services: Die datenschutzadäquate Gestaltung von Service-Plattformen für Mobilkommunikation (Kassel University Press, 2009), 172, 171.43 “Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with
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