§71, §60, respectively.44 Ibid., §18.45 Schnabel, Datenschutz bei profilbasierten Location Based Services, 177. In terms of privacy law, one of the first studies to discuss the coexistence of unwittingly and actively created profiles is Louis Specht, Konsequenzen der Ökonomisierung informationeller Selbstbestimmung: Die zivilrechtliche Erfassung des Datenhandels (Cologne: Heymann, 2012).46 Michal Kosinski et al., “Our Twitter Profiles, Ourselves: Predicting Personality with Twitter,” in IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2011), 180–5.47 Michal Kosinski et al., “Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2013), 5802–5, at 5802. See also the project's website at http://mypersonality.org/wiki/doku.php.48 Kosinski et al., “Private Traits and Attributes,” 5802.49 Kosinski et al., “Our Twitter Profiles,” 185 (emphasis original).50 Quoted from Alexander Nix, “The Power of Big Data and Psychographics in the Electoral Process,” a presentation delivered at the 2016 Concordia Summit. The presentation can be viewed on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8Dd5aVXLCc, and the citation here is taken from the 4:04 mark. For a discussion of Cambridge Analytica's methods, see Hannes Grassegger and Mikael Krogerus, “Ich habe nur gezeigt, dass es die Bombe gibt,” Das Magazin 48/3 (December 3, 2016): https://www.dasmagazin.ch/2016/12/03/ich-habe-nur-gezeigt-dass-es-die-bombe-gibt.51 Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 185.52 Ibid.53 Sherry Turkle, “Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDS,” Mind, Culture, and Activity 1 (1994), 158–67, at 164 (emphasis original).54 Rheingold, The Virtual Community, 149.55 John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation (February 8, 1996): https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence.56 Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, 162.57 Ibid., 117.58 Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” n.p.59 Quoted from https://www.facebook.com/legal/terms.60 David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company that Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 100.61 Ibid., 199.62 Ibid., 210.
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