Urban and suburban transport intelligent management. Textbook. Vadim Shmal

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      1.2.2.2 Self-driving cars

      An actual trend in recent years is the introduction of autonomous driving technology to improve the efficiency and safety of traffic [46]

      Already today, there is a «Connected cars» technology that allows a car to have a permanent bidirectional connection with other devices and machines. It should be noted right away that an increase in the number of such machines will improve the interaction between them.

      To date, the following systems of intelligent interaction of objects of the transport process and the environment are distinguished:

      V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure (markings, traffic lights, road signs, etc.)): this type collects information about the infrastructure around the car, about changes in environmental conditions, about safety, etc.;

      V2V (Vehicle to vehicle): this type, in turn, collects information and is exchanged by means of wireless technologies with the nearest machines to reduce accidents;

      V2C (Vehicle to cloud): allows you to share information with the cloud and use information from other areas related to the cloud, for example, with a smart home;

      V2P (Vehicle to people or Vehicle to pedestrian): exchanges information with pedestrians, allows you to increase mobility and reduce accidents on the roads;

      V2X (Vehicle to Everything): exchanges information with all vehicles and infrastructure, includes cars, highways, planes, etc.

      – V2D (Vehicle to device);

      – I2I (infrastructure-to-infrastructure, interaction between different infrastructure elements).

      Prospects for using IoT in combination with unmanned vehicles:

      – smart home management. When plotting a route to the user’s home, an unmanned vehicle can send a signal to the home equipment to perform certain actions, as well as control the garage door, which will automatically park the unmanned vehicle, and much more;

      – route estimation. The car, using IoT technologies, can estimate the route (elevation difference, traffic congestion), thereby optimizing its further movement;

      – automatic payment. A simple but convenient way to pay for parking, toll roads, and more;

      – reduction of accidents on the roads. The computer responsible for driving the car will be able to automatically receive information about possible concentrations of people in certain areas and take the necessary measures.

      Depending on the frequency and specifics of trips, artificial intelligence will be able to predict, for example, the need for a technical inspection or the need to replace tires.

      1.2.3 Application of IoT in the aviation industry

      As noted in, the use of IoT for dynamic tracking and compensation of turbulent flows on the surface of aircraft is actively developing to improve the efficiency of aircraft design and reduce fuel consumption.

      To overcome the difficulties of measuring at high speeds of modern aircraft, engineering solutions are being developed for the placement of dense networks of sensors and actuators for accurate registration, the formation of turbulent flows and the development of control actions aimed at countering their effects.

      The usual air transport control towers are being replaced by intelligent systems based on receiving data from high-precision video cameras of a new generation. It also allows you to adjust the schemes of operation of ground transport of airports, planning of passenger terminals.

      1.2.4 Internet of Things in marine environment monitoring

      The issues of monitoring the marine environment are currently receiving close attention due to the importance of climate change issues. It is worth noting that traditional marine monitoring systems take a lot of time, and the collected data have a low resolution. The Internet of Things plays an important role in this area. Compared to wireless sensor networks (WSN), IoT has much more powerful data processing capabilities, providing intelligent object management.

      The scope of marine environment monitoring based on IoT include: 1) ocean sounding and monitoring; 2) water quality monitoring; 3) coral reef monitoring; 4) offshore or deep-sea fisheries monitoring.

      Sensor nodes are used to determine and monitor environmental parameters such as water temperature and pH, salinity, turbidity, oxygen density and chlorophyll levels, and the collected data is transmitted to the receiving nodes via the ZigBee network protocol or other wireless communication protocols.

      The use of digital technologies makes it possible to improve the methods of monitoring and detection of water pollution. The use of specialized applications opens up new opportunities for underwater climate registration, monitoring of marine fauna, detection of natural resources, pipeline leaks, etc.

      1.3 Digital logistics

      The use of IoT for operational monitoring of cargo movement and the condition of objects of the transport process in online mode is aimed at accelerating the promotion of cargo flows and reducing the cost of cargo delivery. The creation of a unified information network that consolidates data on the movement of goods with other sources of information allows for optimal interaction with shippers and consignees and to improve the quality of logistics services, which makes the logistics process more open. [39]

      Logistics is one of the first areas in which the introduction of IoT technology has begun for the implementation of intelligent, networked and automated logistics operations, where the Internet acts as a necessary tool.

      The logistics sphere is one of the most important in which the Internet of Things technologies have become widespread due to the fact that it is characterized by large volumes of moved, tracked and interacting objects.

      As indicated, the availability of modern intelligent logistics systems has a great influence on the economic competitiveness of the country. To ensure the rapid pace of formation and implementation of cargo supply chains in electronic commerce, it is necessary to use digital tools to optimize demand forecasting and rational inventory planning of goods in warehouses in various geographical regions in order to reduce the cost of delivery and the time of turnover of goods. This has determined the change of trends at the present time from the optimization of commodity movement to the optimization of information flows.

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