Large Animal Neurology. Joe Mayhew
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Название: Large Animal Neurology
Автор: Joe Mayhew
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Биология
isbn: 9781119477198
isbn:
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4 Pathologic responses of the nervous system
Disease
This chapter reviews the gross and cellular reactions of nervous tissue in disease states and covers the general clinicopathologic characteristics of the mechanisms of neurologic disease. The aim is not to review veterinary neuropathology, but to provide a basic understanding of clinically important, neuropathologic principles. The reader is referred to pathology references for a more detailed coverage of most of these aspects of neuropathology.1–6
General reactions seen in tissues in response to pathologic insults and the associated terminology should be understood. We must be able to communicate with each other about neurologic diseases and understand the pathogenesis of these diseases. Importantly, such an understanding allows us to sensibly investigate a neurologic disorder of unknown cause and to understand, evaluate, and clinically interpret pathology reports on animals dying of neurologic diseases. This becomes economically significant when dealing with an outbreak of a neurologic disorder.
Gross changes visible in nervous tissues
Finding the lesion
A complete necropsy, including the removal of the entire brain and spinal cord from a large animal, is an arduous task. Nervous tissue shows the effects of autolysis rapidly and is extremely susceptible to distortion before it is well fixed. There is nothing more frustrating for a pathologist than scanning numerous histologic sections of tissue soup because of careless and rushed processing of samples of neural tissue. However, because of these facts and because so much vital information can be gained by a thorough neurologic necropsy, it is worth doing if it is performed well. Failing this, a compromised or no pathologic diagnosis can be expected. With the submission of inadequately prepared specimens for study, cases such as harvesting only the cervical spinal cord from a wobbler horse with a thoracic lesion, or only the brain from a lamb with tetraplegia, or no peripheral nerves and muscles from a calf with monoplegia all can be expected to frustrate both clinician and pathologist. Sometimes an abbreviated necropsy will suffice in obtaining a diagnosis. Thus, there is no need to remove the petrosal bones and vestibular nerves from a cow with only tail paralysis, although this does presuppose that an accurate neuroanatomic diagnosis has been made!
A practical approach to the postmortem examination of a large animal with neurologic disease is to begin at the site suspected of having a lesion such as the temporohyoid region or the cervical vertebrae—cranial base to T1‐and continue to harvest further tissues if no gross explanation for the signs becomes evident. Histopathologically, most compressive lesions of the spinal cord, whether they are caused by previous external injury, a stenotic vertebral canal, osteomyelitis, or a tumor, are the result of trauma. Thus, the burden is often on the prosector to supply such pertinent etiologic information.
A technique for a full postmortem examination including removal of the brain and spinal cord from the adult horse can be consulted.7,8 In lieu of the technique outlined which requires facilities and time, there are other suitable techniques for brain removal. A midline saw or hatchet cut allows for the removal of the brain halves. It is probably better to make two transverse saw cuts through the calvarium, one at the level of the external auditory meatus (except for vestibular СКАЧАТЬ