Towards Friendship-Shaped Communities: A Practical Theology of Friendship. Anne-Marie Ellithorpe

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      3 3 Brian Patrick McGuire, Friendship and Community: The Monastic Experience, 350–1250, 2nd ed. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010), xv.

      4 4 Liz Spencer and Ray Pahl, Rethinking Friendship: Hidden Solidarities Today (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 60–71.

      5 5 Joan Walsh Anglund, A Friend is Someone Who Likes You (New York: Harcourt, 1958).

      6 6 Pope Francis, Encyclical Letter Fratelli Tutti of the Holy Father Francis on the Fraternity and Social Friendship (2020), 25.

      7 7 Francis, Fratelli Tutti, 25, 27.

      8 8 Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, “‘Fratelli Tutti’ is Ubuntu by any other name,” https://www.ncronline.org/news/opinion/fratelli-tutti-ubuntu-any-other-name. Accessed 6 October 2020.

      9 9 Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach, “Fraternity, Solidarity, and Civic Friendship,” AMITY 3, no. 1 (2015): 11.

      10 10 Danielle S. Allen, Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004), xxi.

      11 11 In the provision of services for those with disabilities, the intellectually handicapped, the mentally ill, the emphasis is typically on independence rather than friendship. Yet there are exceptions, as can be seen in the work of John Swinton.

      12 12 See B. Beer, “Friendship, Anthropology of,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001).

      13 13 Agnes Brandt, Among Friends? On the Dynamics of Māori-Pākehā Relationships in Aotearoa New Zealand (Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2013), 16.

      14 14 Brandt, Among Friends?, 16.

      15 15 Brandt, Among Friends?, 17.

      16 16 Brandt, Among Friends?, 25.

      17 17 John Terrell, A Talent for Friendship: Rediscovery of a Remarkable Trait (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 3.

      18 18 Terrell, A Talent for Friendship, 5.

      19 19 Terrell, A Talent for Friendship, 17.

      20 20 This fact flies in the face of centuries of the widespread prejudice which perceives New Guinea as a place where savage violence, treachery, cannibalism, and warfare predominate.

      21 21 Terrell, A Talent for Friendship, 93.

      22 22 Speaking of a view of human origins derived from Genesis 2, Terrell observes: “It is not surprising that Enlightenment thinkers would take it as read that human beings living in a state of nature would be able to survive as solitary forest creatures or as close-knit families on their own divorced from any need to associate with other people. After all, hadn’t this first couple done so quite handily?” Terrell, A Talent for Friendship, 14, 190.

      23 23 Terrell, A Talent for Friendship, 14.

      24 24 Georg Simmel and Everett C. Hughes, “The Sociology of Sociability,” American Journal of Sociology 55, no. 3 (1949): 257.

      25 25 Georg Simmel, “The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies,” American Journal of Sociology 11, no. 4 (1906): 458.

      26 26 Simmel, “The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies,” 458.

      27 27 Graham Allan and Rebecca G. Adams, “The Sociology of Friendship,” in 21st Century Sociology: A Reference Handbook, ed. Clifton D. Bryant and Dennis L. Peck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007), 123.

      28 28 Ray Pahl, On Friendship (Malden: Blackwell, 2000), 36. The analysis of friendship continues to be marginal in mainstream sociology. See Alice P. Julier, Eating Together: Food, Friendship, and Inequality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013), 2.

      29 29 See Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O’Brien, and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, no. 2 (2011).

      30 30 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, “Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades,” ASR 71, no. 3 (2006).

      31 31 Anthony Paik and Kenneth Sanchagrin, “Social Isolation in America: An Artifact,” ASR 78, no. 3 (2013): 339. Ivaylo Petev’s research corroborates these trends of civic disengagement and social isolation. Ivaylo D. Petev, “The Association of Social Class and Lifestyles: Persistence in American Sociability, 1974 to 2010,” ASR 78, no. 4 (2013). However, Anthony Paik and Kenneth Sanchagrin assert that interviewer effects, including interviewer training and interviewer fatigue, bias many estimates of social connectivity. See Paik and Sanchagrin, “Social Isolation in America: An Artifact,” 353–355.

      32 32 Ray Pahl and Liz Spencer, “Family, Friends, and Personal Communities: Changing Models‐in‐the‐Mind,” Journal of Family Theory & Review 2, no. 3 (2010): 197.

      33 33 Liz Spencer and Ray Pahl, Rethinking Friendship: Hidden Solidarities Today, 190–212.

      34 34 Pahl, On Friendship, 43.

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