Towards Friendship-Shaped Communities: A Practical Theology of Friendship. Anne-Marie Ellithorpe

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СКАЧАТЬ emerge in the writings of German theologian Jürgen Moltmann, who, after being drafted and taken prisoner as a teenager in the Second World War, was helped and forgiven by his captors. These experiences contributed towards a sense of sympathy and solidarity with those experiencing oppression, along with a deep awareness of God’s participation in human suffering and hope.⁷¹ He invites his readers not only to know Jesus as friend, but also to live out his love as “open friendship.”⁷² Further, he suggests the addition of Jesus the Friend to the traditional titles given to Jesus, asserting that it best describes the “inner relationship between the divine and the human fellowship.”⁷³ When other roles have been left behind, friendship remains. Moltmann came to see friendship as essential to ethical life, and as the enduring element in all loves.⁷⁴

In the late twentieth century, a variety of theological perspectives on friendship emerged with the potential to enrich the theological imagination. Belgium moral theologian Servais Pinckaers asserted that ethics could be approached by the question of happiness or of obligation. Friendship, he wrote, had disappeared from modern ethics due to the latter’s emphasis on obligation. After all, “friendship, being free, could hardly be considered an obligation.”⁷⁵ Yet friendship is easy to reinstate when we begin with a consideration of happiness rather than obligation.⁷⁶

North American feminist and ecological theologian Sallie McFague found that friendship-love thrives on difference and extends to strangers, as she explored friend as a non-authoritarian, non-familial, non-gender-related metaphor for God in Metaphorical Theology and in Models of God.⁷⁷ While including both classical and newer ideas of friendship, McFague accepted Lewis’s assertion that friendship is the least necessary of loves and the associated implication that friendship is the freest of loves.⁷⁸ Yet once chosen, friendship denotes a strong bond of trust. Bound by a common vision, friendship is an inclusive relationship, characterized by reciprocity and mutual responsibility.⁷⁹ Friends are invited to collaboratively work towards the fulfilment of God’s vision for this world. Sustaining is identified as an activity of God as friend, providing hope, companionship (the sharing of food and joy), and the opportunity for shared meals as God invites friends to “break bread together in fellowship and joy.”⁸⁰

In Friendship and the Moral Life, Catholic ethicist Paul Wadell also explores friendship as an analogy for relationship with God. Wadell identifies friendship as integral to the moral life and the development of virtue. “Friendship is the crucible of the moral life, the relationship in which we come to embody the good by sharing it with friends who also delight in the good.”⁸¹ A subsequent book explores the relationship between worship, justice, and Christian friendship.⁸² As Tobias Winright asserts, in a tribute to this author and his work, Wadell promotes an ethics of koinonia, and thus of friendship, for theology, the church, and beyond.⁸³

Theological perspectives on friendship with the potential to enrich theological and social imaginaries continue to emerge in the early twenty-first century, briefly summarized as follows. Paul O’Callaghan, an Orthodox priest, presents a vision of friendship as revealing the communion of the Holy Trinity in The Feast of Friendship. For O’Callaghan, Christian friendship can be iconic, allowing a glimpse into divine and human reality.⁸⁴ The love of friendship emerges as a necessary model of love within the Christian tradition in Liz Carmichael’s Friendship: Interpreting Christian Love. The need for the church to rediscover its nature as a relational and hospitable community on behalf of the world is expressed in a variety of works, including writings by Elisabeth Moltmann-Wendel, Steve Summers, John of Taizé, and Wesley Hill.⁸⁵ Practical theologian Chloe Lynch explores ecclesial leadership as friendship, in her book by that name.⁸⁶ Priest-scholar Victor Lee Austin identifies friendship as at the heart of being human.⁸⁷ In Politics in Friendship: A Theological Account, Christian ethicist Guido de Graaff considers the intertwining of theology, politics, and friendship, framed around a story of friendship between Bishop George Bell and German theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer.⁸⁸

Acknowledging that many contemporary people of faith are more familiar with the language of discipline than of virtue, sociologist and spiritual director Susan Phillips encourages the cultivation of friendship as a spiritual discipline in The Cultivated Life.⁸⁹ Phillips uses the imagery of soul gardening, suggesting that relational gardens need to be kept in good repair.⁹⁰ Friendship is identified as an heirloom plant that is precious and requires tending, yet is often overlooked.⁹¹

In the writings of Australian theologian-activist Charles Ringma, friendships are gifts that require nurture and must be shared.⁹² Readers are warned not to make friendship exclusive: clinging to this fragile gift can deter the practices of hospitality and solidarity and “the politics of radical openness to the other.”⁹³ Contemplation, through attentiveness to God, self, and ultimately others, is recognized as integral to the nurturing of friendship and community, allowing us to see and hear what may otherwise elude us.⁹⁴

While, as we will see, biblical and medieval writers have spoken of friendship with God, current authors writing from a Christian perspective are divided on this issue. For some, friendship with God is unthinkable. To speak of friendship with God is to trivialize or sentimentalize relationship with God. For others, the possibility of friendship with God is exclusively for those saints who have been formally acknowledged as holy or virtuous. Yet others have become convinced that friendship is an appropriate analogy for the relationship God desires with human beings. Carmichael, for example, concludes, “God reveals what friendship is.”⁹⁵ Nevertheless, concern is expressed that friendship with God implies a comfortable, casual, kitschy, or sentimental relationship. The possibility of friendship with God will be further explored in subsequent chapters.

      Is Friendship a Private, Public, or Political Relationship?

Is friendship simply a private, recreational relationship based on sentimental attachments, as currently portrayed, or is it relevant to communities, to politics, and to the common good?⁹⁶ Relatively little attention has been paid to the relationship between friendship and community. While СКАЧАТЬ