Wheat. Peter R. Shewry

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Figure 1.19 Examples of breads consumed around the world. (a) Turkish frankala hearth bread; (b) Yemeni maloung flat bread; (c) Chinese steamed bread; (d) Indian chapati; (e) Arabic pocket bread; (f) Iranian sangak; (g) Central European non; (h), Iranian lavash.

      Source: All images from the author's collection except (d), which was provided by Dr. Anil Gaddameddi (Hyderabad, India).

      1.4.3 Bread Today

      Breads are produced in a vast array of forms, many of them restricted to specific geographical regions. They can be broadly divided into two types: high specific volume breads such as Western pan breads (although some such as French baguettes, have lower volumes) and low specific volume flat breads, which are dominant in the Middle East and Asia. Flat breads include both leavened and unleavened types, while both Western and flat breads can be leavened with yeast or sourdough systems. They also vary in how they are cooked. Although baking is the most common method, they may also be steamed or fried.

      High‐volume Western breads are baked on the bottom or shelves of an oven, either unsupported (hearth breads) or in a pan which supports the loaf leading to a higher volume (pan breads). Most Western breads are produced using bakers' yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) for fermentation, but sourdough systems are becoming increasingly popular, usually as artisanal hearth breads. Yeast‐based systems use well‐defined genetic strains of yeast that are purchased from commercial producers and, in most cases, used fresh for each batch of bread. Hence, their effects are well understood and reproducible across processes. By contrast, sourdough systems use combinations of natural lactobacilli and yeasts. In artisan systems, the sourdough cultures are perpetuated by carrying starters over between batches of dough, while for large‐scale production they may be purchased from ingredient supplies. In both cases there is wide variation in the compositions of microorganisms and their corresponding effects on the dough and bread. This poses a major challenge for researchers and food manufacturers as research carried out on one sourdough system may not apply to other systems. Nonetheless sourdough systems have become more widely used in Western‐style wheat breads over the past two decades, as part of the trend towards increased consumption of traditional foods (with perceived health benefits). Hence, there is a flourishing sourdough research community with a rapidly increasing number of publications. However, because of the issues discussed above, the generic significance of much of the work is difficult to assess.

      The effects of fermentation, whether using yeast or soughdough systems, will depend on the conditions employed. In traditional breadmaking systems, the dough may be fermented overnight, or even longer. By contrast, most of the high‐volume factory bread produced in the UK and many other Commonwealth countries is produced using the Chorleywood Breadmaking Process (CBP), or processes related to this. This is a very rapid method, with the mixing and dough development being carried out in a single operation using a large amount of yeast, high energy, and control of the headspace pressure during mixing. After this, only short intermediate and final proving periods are required before baking. The effects of fermentation on the health benefits of breads are discussed in Chapter 9.

Although much of the high‐volume white bread produced globally is Western pan bread, highly attractive regional types also exist. For example, Figure 1.19a СКАЧАТЬ