between willingness to communicate with family about organ donation and psychological reactance.
Murray and Matland (2015)
An exploration into the effects of social interactions and social pressure techniques utilized by campaigns to increase voter turn-out. Reactance emerges as a negative backlash of persuasive mobilization techniques as majority perceives invasion of privacy.
Lee et al. (2015)
Investigated the effects of communal versus exchange styles and how these created impressions influence consumers’ perceived irritation to brand messages. Additionally, the effect of trait reactance and communication styles on the perceived level of irritation caused by the brand messages were examined.
Middleton et al. (2015)
Explored relationships between psychological reactance and emotional intelligence (EI). Males with lower behavioral reactance have higher scores on EI subscales of self-control, well-being, and emotionality, and males with higher verbal reactance have higher scores on EI subscales on self-control, well-being, sociability, and emotionality. Whereas females with higher verbal reactance have higher scores on EI subscales of emotionality and sociability.
Shen (2015)
Investigated three potential antecedents to psychological reactance: threat to freedom, message frame, and behavioral choice utilizing the intertwined model of reactance measure. Threat to freedom and the loss frame increased psychological reactance while the gain frame and offering behavioral choice had a reversed effect. When the threat to freedom was high, offering choice and gain frame were most salient.
Shen and Coles (2015)
Analyzed the process of psychological reactance in fear appeal. Psychological reactance can be mitigated or avoided if high levels of fear are reduced by efficacy information/positive valence information.
Sittenthaler et al. (2015)
In an attempt to extend past work on reactance examines the degree to which people’s responses to a legitimate vs. an illegitimate constraint. Different responses were observed to illegitimate and legitimate restrictions. Immediate arousal is experienced with illegitimate restrictions and delayed physiological arousal with legitimate restrictions.
Ungar et al. (2015)
Assessment of long-standing effects of an increase intake of fruits and vegetables and reactance. Limited reactance was evoked from those individuals who were tasked with providing documentation and monitoring their consumption of fruits and vegetables in contrast to those who were task of changing their fruits and vegetables consumption.
Arnold and Vakhrusheva (2016)
Opposing delusions in patients may evoke feelings of reactance and fortify the unyieldingness of their delusions. Effort to correct delusions may lead to reactance as patients interpret these efforts as transgressions on their freedom.
Brown et al. (2016)
Examined the association between psychological reactance and HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV. Overall, psychological reactance, opposition and irritability were positively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Lienemann and Siegel (2016)
Good intention camps seeking to assist persons with depression should consider psychological reactance as a possible inhibitory factor. Language perceived as autonomy-supportive language may be perceived as controlling by persons with depression.
Thrasher et al. (2016)
Examined the impact of reactance, response efficacy, and self-efficacy on responses to threatening messages. Vivid, pictorial health warning labels encourage actions of cessation among smokers.
Coppola and Girandola (2017)
Investigated the reactance effects of linguistic and lexical features defined as “scalar adverbs.” Enhanced persuasive messages with the use of scalar adverbs result in perception of restrained autonomy to decide evoking reactance.
LaVoie et al. (2017)
Explored psychological reactance in response to graphic cigarette warning labels. Graphic imagery on cigarette packaging enhances freedom threat perceptions, perceived source domineeringness, negative cognition and reactance.
Wehbe et al. (2017)
Assessed the impact of attack messages on reactance and coping responses. Consistent with predictions, counter-advertisements, due to personal relevance of the content, appeared to arouse maladaptive coping mechanisms in smokers than non-smokers.
Xu (2017)
Explored the impact of controlling language and locus of control (LOC) on the information processing of young adults.
Beutler et al. (2018)
Reviewed definitions, measures, and clinical examples of reactance in psychotherapy. High reactant patients benefit more in psychotherapy when the therapist use acceptance and nondefensiveness (nondirective treatment)
Ehrenbrink and Möller (2018)
Articulated the development and assessment of a reactance scale for human–computer interaction.
Rosenberg and Siegel (2018)
Review of psychological reactance theory across fifty (50) years in the fields of social psychology, clinical psychology, and communications research.
Rudorf et al. (2018)
Explored the neural mechanisms involved in the underlying differences of control-averse behaviors. Utilizing fMRI assessed brain activity of persons in situations of others controlling decisions.
Bertini and Aydinli (2020)
Price promotions including discounts can lead to counter effect as a result of perception of promotional favours motivating reduction in spending. Findings discussed in the context of reactance.
Rosenberg and Siegel (2020)
Examined freedom in the context of religion and reactance theory. Three main issues were addressed in the context of reactance: social, political and environmental threats to religious freedom; the arousal of reactance within religions; communication strategies to avoid or reduce reactance.
Hajek and Veronika (2021)
Test theoretical model on the channeling process between reactance arousal and coping strategies toward compliance or resistance.
Resnicow et al. (2021)
Assessed the psychological factors, including trait reactance, on the adoption or rejection of protective COVID-19 public health measures. Minimizing controlling language may be effective for reactant prone persons..
Measuring Reactance
From its genesis, psychological reactance was conceptualized as arising from situational factors, and research and measurements were consistent with psychological reactance as a state phenomenon. In attempting to study reactance, researchers created experimental freedom-threat situations to arouse psychological reactance. In many of the studies discussed, reactance was inferred by comparing responses across conditions experimentally created (e.g., reactance vs. non-reactance), whether those measures were on attitudes, evaluation of message, or rating of communicator (Wright et al., 2004).
Sharon Brehm (1976) wrote on the implications of reactance theory to that area of clinical psychology concerned
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