Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ and subsistence agriculture. (India commonly utilizes this terminology to describe a broad array of crops including soya, chickpeas, dry beans, and lentils.) Grain legumes may be used as edible whole seeds or processed as de‐husked and split cotyledons referred to as dhal or milled into flours and meals.

       Various other common food legumes are frequently not distinguished from common bean including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.); cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.); broad/faba/horse bean (Vicia faba L.); garbanzo/chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.); lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.); peanuts (Arachis hypogaea); and lentils (Lens culinaris M.).

       The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) generally uses the term “legume” to refer to all leguminous plants. The seeds are classified into groups according to the various lipid contents. Thus, terms “pulses” (low‐fat: beans, lentils, chickpeas) and “leguminous oil seeds” (high‐fat: soy and peanuts) are widely accepted.

       FAO defines pulses as annual leguminous crops yielding 1–12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color within a pod.

       Further, the FAO uses the term “pulses” for legume crops harvested solely for the dry grain. Thus, pulses exclude green beans and green peas, which are considered vegetable crops. The term also excludes crops that are mainly grown for oil extraction (oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts), and crops that are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa).

       Legumes presented in the genus Phaseolus contain only legumes of New‐World botanical origin.

       The United Nations General Assembly declared 2016 as the International year of the Pulses (UN 2013).

       Pulse grains are an excellent source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals (Singh 2017).

COMMERCIAL MARKET CLASSES OF COMMON BEANS

The physical characteristics of the main commercial classes of common beans (P. vulgaris L.) are presented in Table 3.1. Twelve different market classes of common beans are recognized in the United States. Although similar botanically, color, size, and shape vary widely among classes (Figure 3.3). Production areas for the major commercial market classes of common beans grown in the United States are presented graphically in Figure 2.1 in Chapter 2. These market classes include: (1) navy, (2) cranberry, (3) dark red kidney, (4) light red kidney, (5) pinto, (6) black (black turtle soup), (7) great northern, (8) small red (Mexican red beans), (9) pink, (10) yellow‐eye, (11) small white, and (12) yellow (Peruvian, canary, and Mexican yellow bean). In addition, there are some minor/speciality types of beans available in the marketplace. General descriptions and culinary uses of the different market classes, as described by the Michigan Bean Commission, are summarized below (MBC 2020):

Table 3.1. Physical characteristics and selected cultivars of common dry beans.

      Source: Hosfield et al. (2004), Kelly et al. (1999, 2006, 2009), Navabi (2013), Osorno et al. (2009, 2013, 2018, 2020), Uebersax (1989, 1991), Urrea et al. (2009).

Commercial market class	Nominal size	100‐seed wt (g)	Physical description	Typical culivars 1
White:
Navy (pea bean)	Small	17–20	White seed coat and hilum, ovate to ellipsoidal	Medalist, Vista, Blizzard, Bounty, Amada, Apex
Great northern	Large	32–40	Oblong and cylindrical, white seed coat and hilum	Matterhorn, Coyne, Orion, Beryl
Small white	Small	15–16	White seedcoat oblong to flattened	California, Aurora
White kidney	Large	50–60	White‐cream color with matte finish	Beluga, Whitetail
Solid‐Colored:
Black (turtle soup)	Medium	16–19	Glossy black seedcoat with white hilum, ovate to ellipsoidal	Eclipse, Zorro, T‐39, Shania, Loreto, Black Velvet, Black Bear, Black Tails, Ace
Kidney (light or dark red)	Large	50–60	Light to dark red seedcoat with white hilum, kidney shaped	Montcalm, Redhawk, Chaparral, Epic, Chinook, CELRK, Pink Panther, Clouseau, Red Zone, Big Red
Pink	Medium	32–36	Solid pale pink seed coat, oblong ellipsoidal to flattened, white hilum	Sedona, Pink Floyd
Small red	Medium	32–36	Solid deep dark‐red brown seed coat; oblong to flattened, white hilum	Merlot, Rio Rojo
Yellow	Medium	26–45	Light to dark yellow seed coat; oblong to flattened	Enola, Canario 707, Mayasi, Al Pimore
Mottled/Spotted:
Cranberry (October)	Large	45–58	Red mottled on beige background, darkens with storage, oblong with broad width	Michigan Improved, Taylor, Capri, Etna, SVM Taylor, Dolly, Hooter, Scotty
Pinto Slow‐darkening pinto	Large	36–42	Brown mottled on beige background, darkens with storage, oblong to flattened It takes longer to darken with storage	Othello, La Paz, Windbreaker, Monterrey, DR Wood Vibrant, СКАЧАТЬ В начало < 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 > В конец