The Complete Guide to Drawing for Beginners. Yoshiko Ogura
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      Animals

      Upper Body Portrait

       page 90

      Cat

       page 106

      Parakeets

       page 110

      5

      How to Use This Book

      Keep the following points in mind in order to take full advantage of the lessons in this book and enjoy

       the learning process.

      Practice with objects

       that are handy

      To practice the basics, you can take advantage

       of things that are close to you, such as apples

       or eggs. The simple things around you will help

       you get a lot of practice. These are things you

       can draw any time, and just draw casually. The

       objects covered in this book are categorized on

       pages 45. Use the Quick Lookup Index there to choose subjects to draw.

      Refer to the photographic

       and finished sketch examples

      It’s challenging to render full-color objects

       monochromatically. In these lessons, refer

       to both the color photo graph of the subject and

       the finished drawing to refine your

       shading technique.

      6

      The basics

      The foundational skills are divided into five

       sections in the first part of this book. The

       appropriate techniques needed to draw each

       subject are explained on pages 2635. All these skills can be put into practice as you progress through this book.

      Process explanations

      The step-by-step process of drawing each

       subject is explained through a series of pho-

       tos. There will be many pointers along the

       way to guide you through.

      Useful terminology

      Technical terms are easy to understand with

       the right explanation. I decided to keep the

       explanations plain and simple in this book to

       make it easier for beginners.

      Refer to the sample

       illustrations along the way

      For many basic concepts, it is often better to

       show than tell. This book includes a lot of

       illustrations to help you understand what is

       meant to be done. The illustrations will help

       you remember the basics.

      7

      Terms Used in Drawing

      Axis A line passing through the center of a solid

       object. In objects such as fruits and vegetables,

       the axis runs through the core.

      Backlight Light shining from behind the subject.

      Base drawing The first layer of rough shading that

       enables you to define the general shape and tonal varia-

      tions before you begin to refine the drawing.

      Brightness The degree to which light reflects from an

       object’s surface.

      Centerline A line that bisects a symmetrical object

       being depicted. Alternatively, a line that divides the

       horizontal or vertical halves of a composition.

      Center point A point positioned in the center of the ob-

      ject being depicted. Alternatively, a point in the middle

       of the various elements of a composition.

      Composing The act of mindfully positioning and

       scaling an object or objects on the drawing surface. See

       page 26.

      Composition mark A lightly drawn mark to serve as

       a guide for determining the position of an object at its

       base, used before roughing in the preliminary sketch.

      Contrast The observable difference in adjacent light

       and dark areas of a drawing. Areas of high contrast

       exhibit an intensity that draws the eye.

      Depth The distance from the front to the back of the

       object. Depth in drawings is often expressed by subtly

       blurring and lightening the portions that should appear

       farthest from the viewer.

      Details Final, small, carefully made additions to a

       drawing that make it come alive with realism.

      Diagonal A line connecting the vertices of two non-ad-

      jacent corners of a polygon. Also, for polyhedra, a line

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