Probability and Statistical Inference. Robert Bartoszynski

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СКАЧАТЬ polygons. The validity of this idea (i.e., the assumption of the continuity of the function = area of ) was not really questioned until the beginning of the twentieth century. Research on the subject culminated with the results of Lebesgue.

To quote the relevant theorem, let us say that a function , defined on a class of sets (events), is continuous from below at the set if the conditions and imply that . Similarly, is continuous from above at the set if the conditions and imply . A function that is continuous at every set from above or from below is simply called continuous (above or below). Continuity from below and from above is simply referred to as continuity.

      We may characterize countable additivity as follows:

      

      Theorem 2.6.1 If the probability satisfies Axiom 3 of countable additivity, then is continuous from above and from below. Conversely, if a function satisfies Axioms 1 and 2, is finitely additive, and is either continuous from below or continuous from above at the empty set , then is countably additive.

      Proof: Assume that satisfies Axiom 3, and let be a monotone increasing sequence. We have

(2.8)

the events on the right‐hand side being disjoint. Since (see Section 1.5), using (2.8), and the assumption of countable additivity, we obtain

      (passing from the first to the second line, we used the fact that the infinite series is defined as the limit of its partial sums). This proves continuity of from below. To prove continuity from above, we pass to the complements, and proceed as above.

      Let us now assume that is finitely additive and continuous from below, and let be a sequence of mutually disjoint events. Put so that is a monotone increasing sequence with . We have then, using continuity from below and finite additivity,

      again by definition of a numerical series being the limit of its partial sums. This shows that is countably additive.

      Finally, let us assume that is finitely additive and continuous from above at the empty set (impossible event). Taking again a sequence of disjoint events let . We have and . By finite additivity, we obtain

(2.9)

Since (2.9) holds for every , we can write

      Again, by the definition of series and the assumption that , is countably additive, and the proof is complete.

      As an illustration, we now prove the following theorem:

      

      Theorem 2.6.2 (First Borel–Cantelli Lemma) If is a sequence of events such that

(2.10)

       then

Proof: Recall (1.7) from Chapter 1, where = “infinitely many events СКАЧАТЬ