Border Jumping and Migration Control in Southern Africa. Francis Musoni

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СКАЧАТЬ investments in the construction of border fences, walls, and other measures for controlling people’s mobility across international boundaries.

      Notes

      1. Ruben Andersson, Illegality, Inc.: Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014); Reece Jones, Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move (London: Verso, 2016). See also, Europe or Die, directed by Milene Larsson (New York: Vice News, 2015), https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/exqgek/europe-or-die-all-episodes.

      2. Given the prevalence of unrecorded movements of people from Zimbabwe to South Africa, Botswana, and other countries in the region, it is hard to know exactly how many people left the country during this period. For further discussion of this, see Alexander Betts, Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013); Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera, eds., Zimbabwe’s Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival (Cape Town: SAMP, 2010); Robyn Leslie, Sandy Johnston, Ann Bernstein, and Riaan de Villiers, eds., Migration from Zimbabwe: Numbers, Needs and Policy Options (Johannesburg: Centre for Development and Enterprise, 2008); JoAnn McGregor and Ranka Primorac, eds., Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival (New York: Bergham, 2010).

      3. Malayitsha is a noun derived from the verb layitsha, which refers to the act of loading stuff into a big container, cart, or vehicle. In this case, malayitsha refers to informal transporters of people and goods across the border. Maguma-guma derives from guma-guma, which denotes the use of crooked ways to achieve one’s objectives. In this case, maguma-guma refers to people who use treachery, thievery, and violence in their interactions with travelers. See Tinashe Nyamunda, “Cross-Border Couriers as Symbols of Regional Grievance? The Malayitsha Remittance System in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe,” African Diaspora 7, no.1 (2014): 38–62; Blair Rutherford, “The Politics of Boundaries: The Shifting Terrain of Belonging for Zimbabweans in a South African Border Zone,” African Diaspora 4, no. 2 (2011): 207–29.

      4. I use the term border jumping to refer to so-called “illegal migration” in this region because it vernacularizes and decriminalizes the rhetorical overlay of illegal migration and other terms, such as undocumented migration, illicit migration, or irregular migration. For a more detailed discussion of this term and its use in this book, see the section entitled “Border Jumping as an Analytical Concept” in this introduction.

      5. John O. Oucho, “Cross-Border Migration and Regional Initiatives in Managing Migration in Southern Africa,” in Migration in South and Southern Africa: Dynamics and Determinants, ed. Pieter Kok, Derik Gelderblom, John Oucho, and Johan Van Zyl (Pretoria: Human Science Research Council, 2006); Jonathan Crush, “Migrations Past: An Historical Overview of Cross-border Movements in Southern Africa,” in On Borders: Perspectives on International Migration in Southern Africa, ed. David A. McDonald (Ontario: SAMP, 2000); Jonathan Klaaren and Jay Ramji, “Inside Illegality: Migration Policing in South Africa after Apartheid,” Africa Today 48, no. 3 (2001): 35–47; Anthony Minaar and Mike Hough, Who Goes There?: Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa (Pretoria: HSRC, 1996); Jonathan Crush, “The Discourse and Dimensions of Irregularity in Post-apartheid South Africa,” International Migration 37, no. 1 (1999): 125–51; Sally A. Peberdy, “Border Crossings: Small Entrepreneurs and Cross-Border Trade Between South Africa and Mozambique,” Tijdschnft voor Economische en Social Geografie 91, no. 4 (2000): 361–378; Jens A. Anderson, “Informal Moves, Informal Markets: International Migrants and Traders from Mzimba District, Malawi,” African Affairs 105, no. 420 (2006): 375–97; Darshan Vigneswaran, Tesfalem Araia, Colin Hoag, and Xolani Tshabalala, “Criminality or Monopoly? Informal Immigration Enforcement in South Africa,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 36, no. 2 (2010): 465–81. See also, Francis B. Nyamnjoh, Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa (Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2006); Jonathan Crush, Abel Chikanda, and Caroline Skinner, eds., Mean Streets: Migration, Xenophobia and Informality in South Africa (Cape Town: Southern African Migration Project, 2015); Norma Kriger, “The Politics of Legal Status for Zimbabweans in South Africa,” in Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora and the Cultural Politics of Survival, ed. JoAnn McGregor and Ranka Primorac (New York: Berghahn, 2010); James Muzondidya, “Makwerekwere: Migration, Citizenship and Identity among Zimbabweans in South Africa,” in McGregor and Primorac, Zimbabwe’s New Diaspora; Loren Landau, “Transplants and Transients: Idioms of Belonging and Dislocation in Inner-City Johannesburg,” African Studies Review 49, no. 2 (2006): 125–45.

      6. See Hussein Solomon, Of Myths and Migration: Illegal Immigration into South Africa (Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2003); David A. McDonald and Jonathan Crush, eds., Destinations Unknown: Perspectives on the Brain Drain (Pretoria: Africa Institute and SAMP, 2002); Rudo Gaidzanwa, Voting with Their Feet: Migrant Zimbabwean Nurses and Doctors in the Era of Structural Adjustment (Uppsala: Nordiska Institute, 1999); David A. McDonald, Lovemore Zinyama, John Gay, Fion de Vletter, and Robert Mattes, “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner: Migration from Lesotho, Mozambique and Zimbabwe to South Africa,” International Migration Review 34, no. 3 (2000): 813–41.

      7. Sandra Lavenex, “Migration and the EU’s New Eastern Border: Between Realism and Liberalism,” Journal of European Public Policy 8, no. 1 (2001): 24–42; Rob T. Guerette and Ronald V. Clarke, “Border Enforcement, Organized Crime, and Deaths of Smuggled Migrants on the United States–Mexico Border,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 11, no. 2 (2005): 159–74; Sule Toktas and Hande Selimoglu, “Smuggling and Trafficking in Turkey: An Analysis of EU-Turkey Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Crime,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 135–50.

      8. Aurelia Segatti, “Reforming South African Immigration Policy in the Post-apartheid Period (1990–2010),” in Contemporary Migration to South Africa: A Regional Development Issue, ed. Aurelia Segatti and Loren B. Landau. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. See also, Democratic Alliance, “Secure Our Borders,” https://www.da.org.za/policy/secure-our-borders. See also, News24, “Parts of SA-Zim Border Stolen,” July 24, 2009, http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Parts-of-SA-Zim-border-stolen-20090724.

      9. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the “Illegal Alien” and the Making of the US-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002).

      10. Andersson, Illegality, Inc., 3.

      11. Anthony I. Asiwaju, ed., Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations across Africa’s International Boundaries, 1884–1984 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985); William F. S. Miles, Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Paul Nugent and Anthony Asiwaju, eds., African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities (New York: Pinter, 1996); Paul Nugent, Smugglers, Secessionists and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier: The Lie of the Borderlands since 1914 (Oxford: James Currey, 2002).

      12. For similar analyses, see Dereje Feyissa and Markus Virgil Hoehne, eds., Borders and Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa (Suffolk: James Currey, 2010); David B. Coplan, “Border Show Business and Performing States,” in A Companion to Border Studies, ed. Thomas M. Wilson, and Hastings Donnan (West Sussex: Blackwell, 2012); Benedikt Korf, and Timothy Raeymakers, eds., Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

      13. Russell King and Daniela СКАЧАТЬ