Название: Essentials of Sociology
Автор: George Ritzer
Издательство: Ingram
Жанр: Социология
isbn: 9781544388045
isbn:
In essence, organizations have come to concentrate on being “lean and mean” (Harrison 1994). They have also sought to streamline their systems of production—to develop lean methods of production using more automated and robotized systems and fewer employees (Janoski 2015). Many newer organizations, such as Facebook and even Google, have learned crucial lessons from the problems experienced by organizational giants such as Ford. They are smaller and far less hierarchical; they are increasingly flat structures with the characteristics of social networks discussed in Chapter 4. They seek to avoid ever losing their focus or becoming too large and diverse. As a result, it is unlikely that they will ever need to downsize or simplify to the degree that Ford (and GM) has in order to accomplish these goals.
To adapt to a rapidly changing environment, contemporary organizations have also been forced to become more flexible and agile than the ideal-typical bureaucracy suggests. When today’s organizations lack such flexibility, there is a strong likelihood that they will decline or disappear. For instance, the video store chain Blockbuster went bankrupt in 2010 (as of 2019 it had only one remaining store in Bend, Oregon) because it failed to adapt to competition from Netflix and, at least initially, its movies by mail. More important, it failed to anticipate the streaming of movies to one’s television or computer (and now to both smart TVs and regular TVs connected through devices such as Roku). Customers are no longer willing to travel to a video store when they can stream movies from the comfort of their homes via a cable provider such as Comcast or online from Netflix, Hulu, or Amazon.
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